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Lymphatic System in general

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runs parallel to veins of the body: one way system-capillaries to R. atrium. At the level of the capillaries: the cell absorbs about 85% of water and shoots about 15% of water, bacteria &some waste products into the lymph vessel right beside it. Lymph fluid moves toward lymph nodes to be cleaned. Lymphocytes and phagocytes kill bactera, viruses etc., and detox. From the lymph nodes the lymph vessels empty into ducts which empty into either the right or left subclavien vein - to the right atrium -to the lungs -to the liver and kidneys and out to the world.

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Intestinal lymphatic system

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Lymph vessels are called "lacteals" follow the intestinal villa. The fluid absorbed from the villa is called chyle (pronounced kyle). Many large molecules like fat cannot be absorbed directly from the gut into the blood vessel because they are too big. But they are absorbed into the lymph system, go thru lymph nodes etc. and end up in the blood. Other pathogens in food or water are passed from the gut into the lymph vessels, toward lymph nodes, to ducts and empty into veins to join general blood ciruclation.

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Dr. Emil Voder

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Developed manual lymph drainage in 1930

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Dr. Chikly

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French doctor developed method recognizing rhythm and flow of superficial and deep lymphatic system 1960's

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collectors

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thin walled tubes collect lymph fluid from interstitial fluid in tissues (surround capilliaries)

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lymph nodes

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bean shaped lymphatic tissue: lymph fluid is checked for pathogens. Lymphocytes and phagocytes (part of the immune system) fight pathogens

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T-lymphocytes

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Lymphocytes produced in the bone marrow, migrate to mature in the thymus. Responsible for cell-mediated immunity: cell-surface antigen receptor is the T-cell receptor.

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Lymphatic tissue organs

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found in spleen, tonsils, adenoids, peyers patches (in small intestine), appendix, lymph nodes

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lymph ducts

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largest collecting channels: carry lymph from lymph nodes to the veins

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thoracic lymph duct

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found at the junction of L. internal jugular vein and L. subclavian vein joined by left jugular, subclavian, bronchomediastinal trunk. starts at the cisternae chyli collects lymph and drains 3/4 of the body (lower half, left side of head, neck, thorax, left upper limb left side of head, left arm, left torso

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movement of lymph (3)

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1. skeletal muscle contraction 2. breathing 3. external pressure along lymph vessels

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stops backflow of lymph fluid

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valves in larger collecting vessels

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functions of lymph nodes (4)

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1. filtration of toxins 2. destruction of toxins, pathogens by lymphocytes and phagocytes 3. concentrates lymph-removes fluid into venous system 4. produces monocytes and lymphocytes? o well

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superficial lymph nodes

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1. neck 2. axilla 3. inguinal

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primary lymphoid organs producing lymphocytes

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red bone marrow, thymus

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secondary lymphoid organs where lymphocytes live

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1. thymus 2. spleen 3. tonsils 4. adenoids 5. appendix

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lymph massage manipulation

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1. soft pressure (weight of a nickle on the wrist) 2. slow rhythm 3. follow direction of lymph vessel

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direction of lymph massage

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toward node toward heart

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order of lymph massage manipulations

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1. empty the bucket- massage nodes closest to emptying ducts 2. massage tissue toward node 3. repeat step 1

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peyers patches

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large aggregates of lymph nodes in the small intestine

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lacteals

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lymph vessels in the small intestine: absorb fat and lymph from small intestine

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location of submaxillary lymph nodes

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under tongue

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number of lymph nodes in body

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400-1000 nodes

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lymph massage movements

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1. begin and end at site of local lymph nodes 2. use light pressure and slow rhythm 3. use circular or eliptical movements

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angulus venosus

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junction of the jugular and subclavian veins: where lymph fluid joins venous flow to go the the right atrium, right ventrical etc.

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chyle

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white or pale yellow substance in lymph: contains fatty substances absorbed by the lacteals, the lymph vessel in the small intestine

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cisterna chyli

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enlarged pouch on the thoracic duct: serves as a storage area for lymph moving toward point of entry into the venous system

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lymph

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a thin clear fluid containing lymphocytes, bathes each cell with fluid

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pre-collectors

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lymph fluid flows through lymphatic capillaries to pre-collectors. varied wall structure: sections of tight endothelial junctions and smooth muscle, sections of open endothelial junctions for absorption of fluid. contain valves to prevent backflow of fluid connect the lymphatic capillaries with collectors.

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lymphatic capillaries

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1. first of the lymphatic vessels: microscopic, penetrate every tissue of the body except the central nervous system 2. closed at one end; consists of a sac of endothelial cells, loosely overlapping each other like shingles. 3. tethered to surrounding tissue by protein filaments to prevent the sac from collapsing

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watershed of the lymphatic system

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separation of flow of lymph into drainage territories lymph from lower extermities goes to inguinal nodes then to the cisterna chyli at base of thoracic duct

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regional lymph nodes

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1. submaxillary-beneath mandile, under the tongue 2. preauricular-front of ear 3. postauricular-behind hear around mastoid process occiptial-base of skull 4. deep cervical-along carotid artery and internal jugular vein 5. axillary-armpit: main group of upper extremity, axillary nodes receive lymph from vessels that dreain the wall of the thorax, mammary gland, upper wall of the abdomin and arm 6. subtrochlear-elbows (anticubital fossa) 7. inguinal-groin: most important group of the lower extremeity, receive lymph from the geg, external genitalia and lower abdominal wall 8. popliteal-behind the knee 9. abdomin 10. pelvis

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belt line

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below the belt line: lymph flows around to the anterior of the body toward the inhuinal lymph nodes.

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Johannes Asdonk

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German MD: scientific study on 2000 pt on indications and contraindications for lymph drainage

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left thoracic duct

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drains lymph from left side of the head, neck and left upper extremites-left subclavian vein near the junction of the L jugular vein

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right thoracic duct

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drains lymph from the right side of the head, neck, right upper extermities, right side of the torso above the belt line, flows into right lymphatic duct-enters venous flow near juction of right subclavian vein and right jugular vein-to right atrium etc.

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inhibits lymph flow

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1. lack of physical activity 2. stress 3. fatique 4. emotional trauma 5, surgical removal of lymph nodes cause scarring

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lymph circulation

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1. starts at capillary bed: lymph enters lymph capillaries 2. lymph capillaries to pre-collectors 3. pre-collectors to larger lymph collectors 4. larger lymph collectors to lymph nodes 5. lymph nodes to larger vessels to either thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct 6. ducts to right subclavian vein at angulus venosus

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lymphocyte

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involved in specific immunity: include cell types, B-cells and T cells. B-cells produce and secrete antibodies and T-cells mature in thymus: involved in cellular immunity.

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benefits of massage

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1. stimulates lymph flow to clear out toxins, dead bacteria/viruses, proteins, cellular debris 2. promotes internal balance 3. purifies and regenerates tissues 4. normalize function of organs and immune system

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lymph massage sequence

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1. start and end at site of collecting lymph nodes draining area being massaged 2. begin proximal to clean lymph nodes, distal massage toward proximal

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B-cells

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mature in bone marrow: effector cells for the humoral immune response.

Massage Therapy Chapter 16 Lymphatic System – Flashcards

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