Marriage and Family Ch7,8,9 – Flashcards
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1. The commonly understood pattern of interaction that serves as a model of behavior in familiar situations is A. social structure. C. structuration. B. social script. D. routine path.
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B
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2. When college students report that "on a first date, men are supposed to drive to the activities," their agreement shows their knowledge of the expected behavior, or the A. internalized values. C. social scripts. B. socialized outcomes. D. planned interaction.
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C
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3. All of the following are among the factors that your text mentions as leading to changing scripts for dating, EXCEPT A. participation in religious organizations. B. increasing acceptance of cohabitation. C. more divorced and older singles in the dating pool. D. communication technologies available to daters.
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A
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4. According to the text, developing a relationship has become more variable and individualized because A. a formal dating system no longer exists. B. dating partners rarely discuss their relationship with others. C. only young people are involved in building relationships. D. there is only one acceptable social script for relationships.
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A
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5. Romantic love is distinct when compared to general love because romantic love is A. a heterosexual experience. C. practical only for young partners. B. characterized by passion and attraction. D. only found in fairy tales.
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B
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6. When comparing utilitarian love and romantic love A. both types suggest that partners should be sexually available. B. romantic love is more likely to push the partners to marry. C. romantic love leads to relationships, but utilitarian love is a myth. D. utilitarian love is more rational and romantic love is more spontaneous.
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D
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7. After carefully considering the pros and cons of other partners, Juan and Maria believe they make a good match and are committed to each other. Their behavior demonstrates A. romantic love. C. utilitarian love. B. scripted love. D. ritualistic love.
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C
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8. As described in the text, the dating system of the early and mid-twentieth century A. was governed by parents who wanted to find marital partners for their children. B. encouraged young people to date only the person they hoped to marry. C. reflected no differences from partner selection in the previous century. D. permitted persons to date a variety of partners at one time.
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D
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9. An event in which the participants are supposed to have fun and get to know each other for a possible romantic relationship is A. a hookup. C. face time. B. a date. D. going steady.
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B
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10. The decision that a person makes about who to be with in a relationship is ________ dating. A. private C. calling B. public D. courtship
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A
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11. When it comes to dating among college students A. both males and females have the same goals in a dating relationship. B. men are expected to take the lead in formal date situations. C. very few students are likely to have gone on dates. D. the number of males available to date is much higher than the number of females.
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B
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12. A casual sexual or romantic encounter without explicit commitment or exclusivity is A. a date. C. hooking up. B. going steady. D. playing the field.
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C
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13. Which of the following is a key similarity between hooking up and dating multiple persons at once? A. neither involves exclusive commitment to one partner B. they are financially expensive for the participants C. both behaviors have widespread support from parents D. legal penalties can be imposed on persons who participate
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A
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14. Hookup culture is A. likely to be embraced by those students who are religious. B. highly interrelated with alcohol and other drug use. C. the preferred relationship starter for female college students. D. supported by parents and college administrators.
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B
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15. The first national singles database for connecting online was A. OKCupid.com. C. Match.com. B. MarryMe.net. D. ChristianMingle.com.
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C
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16. The increase in the use of online dating websites can best be explained by A. better available technology that makes the websites more personal. B. an increase in available services that appeal to older persons looking for dates. C. the fact that divorced persons fear they will end up alone in old age. D. the fact that dating sites are likely more efficient than meeting in person.
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D
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17. With regard to research findings on Internet dating profiles A. there is little risk that partners will misrepresent their attributes. B. about one-third of photographs are misleading. C. men were more likely than women to misrepresent themselves. D. both men and women were honest in their personal profiles.
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B
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18. When compared to 50 years ago, the current population of singles looking for relationships is A. older, more diverse, and more likely to have children. B. older, less diverse, and less likely to have been divorced. C. younger, more diverse, and more likely to have children. D. younger, less diverse, and less well-educated.
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A
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19. All of the following are true of people who are single and looking for a relationship today compared with singles 50 years ago, EXCEPT A. today's singles are more likely to be divorced. B. more of today's singles have children from a previous relationship. C. there are more older singles in the dating pool today. D. persons who are single today are more likely to have mental health problems.
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D
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20. When compared with straight relationships, gay and lesbian dating relationships A. have very strict dating scripts to follow. B. experience decreased levels of stress and ambiguity. C. are complicated by more negative social pressures. D. are more likely to lead to a legal marriage.
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C
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21. Gay, lesbian, and bisexual teens tend to have their first serious relationship at a later age than heterosexual teens. This is due in part to A. difficulty meeting appropriate romantic partners. B. parental interference with teens' personal choices. C. their hoping to find that homosexuality is a phase. D. high acceptance of gay teens by authorities and peers.
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A
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22. Sociologists call the process of how or why people end up together A. dating. C. relationship sorting. B. mate selection. D. family formation.
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B
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23. Brendan and Stacy, both from Caucasian, upper-class Boston families, have decided to marry. In terms of mate selection, their relationship demonstrates A. a high degree of social distance and intermarriage. B. following the tradition of pleasing ones parents. C. a potential for continuation of class inequality. D. random and unpredictable selection dynamics.
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C
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24. Although Barbie dolls are common toys for girls in the United States, the likelihood that an adult woman has the same waist-to-hip ratio as Barbie is A. 1 in 100. C. 1 in 10,000. B. 1 in 1,000. D. 1 in 100,000.
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D
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25. Studying sexual attraction in humans as well as nonhuman animals in terms of genes and their expression, gives support to the idea of A. family dynamics. C. inclusion. B. reproductive freedom. D. evolution.
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D
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26. When it comes to the relationship between evolution and social interaction and their influences on mate selection, your text suggests that A. evolution operates in the background, while personal preferences hold more sway. B. evolution is the most important variable in the process of mate selection. C. evolution plays no role in the process of selecting a sexually attractive partner. D. only evolutionary choice should factor into selecting a future mate.
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A
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27. According to natural selection, specific traits that may have emerged through evolution are those that A. decrease the odds of species survival. B. negatively affect reproductive ability. C. fool potential mates into seeing positive traits. D. make one less able to compete for a mate.
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A
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28. How do high heels help establish the differences between women and men? A. They make women look sexy. B. Almost everyone who wears high heels is a woman. C. Advertisers put women in these shoes to sell their merchandise. D. It is illegal for men to wear them unless they perform in "drag."
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A
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29. High heels and foot binding are important examples of A. attempts to decrease the differences between males and females. B. how women are made to be more attractive to men. C. why body enhancements are devalued in the culture. D. standards of beauty being equal in women and men.
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B
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30. Darren argued that all the romantic couples he knows are people who are very similar to each other. He says this is because they tend to be in the same places and situations. His argument is closest to the sociological term A. mate selection. C. exogamy. B. natural selection. D. homophily.
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D
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31. Evan is the wealthy son of a Minneapolis restaurant owner. He marries Naomi, the daughter of a local physician. Based only on these social characteristics, we can conclude that A. they married for love and no other reason. B. both considered their parents' wishes prior to marriage. C. the marriage is characterized by social class endogamy. D. each will be employed outside the home.
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C
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32. When dating partners are of the same ethnic group, social class, religion, and approximate age, researchers call this A. endogamy. C. selection effects. B. heterosexuality. D. intermarriage.
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A
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33. When choosing someone to date, Lindsey prefers men who are domineering. Her lack of attraction to men who are passive represents which of the following types of challenges to partner selection? A. cultural boundaries C. arousal problems B. social limits D. internal obstacles
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B
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34. Which of the following groups is most likely to date within their racial-ethnic group? A. Native Americans C. Asian Americans B. African Americans D. Hispanic Americans
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A
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35. Evidence from studies of online dating indicates that A. people seek different types of partners when meeting online as compared with meeting in person. B. endogamy is meaningless in the process of selecting a partner online. C. racial-ethnic differences persist in the selection of a partner, whether online or in person. D. geographical constraints remain the biggest limitation to finding a partner online.
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D
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36. What do the ongoing controversies over segregated high school proms suggest about the pace of social change? A. Cultural scripts regarding race and sexual orientation are easily changed. B. Informal behaviors like dating may change more quickly than formal behaviors like marriage. C. Social change has been rapid with regard to race, but slow with regard to sexual orientation. D. Prom is seen by parents as a way to control who their children date.
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C
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37. High school proms have been a battleground for interracial, interethnic, and homosexual partnerships because A. parents see them as the only opportunity to influence their child's partner choice. B. schools are supposed to legislate community moral standards and norms. C. many adults see prom as an important event in the mate selection script. D. politicians refuse to change discriminatory laws.
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C
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38. Which of the following issues has been controversial at high school proms in recent years? A. students bringing a same-sex date to the event B. schools encouraging students to rent hotel rooms for after parties C. parents refusing to let young people attend without a date D. the cost to school budgets to put on these social events
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A
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39. "Hey, baby, what's your sign?" might be uttered by someone who relies on relationship advice from A. sociology. C. astrology. B. homophily. D. therapy.
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C
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40. The study of the alignment of the moon, planets, and stars, and how this might impact aspects of one's life is A. astrology. C. endogamy. B. astronomy. D. stratology.
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A
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41. Your text argues that diversity in relationships is scripted. This means that A. rules about partner choice are more limited than ever. B. a variety of ways of forming and maintaining relationships are common today. C. persons in relationships are often subject to restrictive limits on their behaviors. D. diversity in choice has led to clearer rules about how to conduct relationships.
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B
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42. At this time in the United States, what fraction of people who marry have cohabited first? A. 2/3 C. 1/4 B. 1/2 D. 1/6
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A
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43. Which of the following is true about current trends in marriage? A. Marriage rates are on the rise for those with college degrees. B. Marriage rates are on the rise for those without college degrees. C. It is becoming more common for people with dissimilar education levels to marry. D. Married couples are more likely to be poor than single adults.
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A
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44. Which of the following is NOT a source of social change in family life discussed in Chapter 8? A. The growth of individualism has weakened the ties of marriage. B. Marriages that do survive are stronger than ever. C. The law has begun to recognize people more as individuals than as members of a family entity. D. Family life has become less central to many people's identities.
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D
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45. Marriage rates have: A. fallen slightly since the 1960s. B. gradually risen since the beginning of American history. C. dramatically decreased since the 1960s. D. gradually decreased since the 1960s.
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C
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46. The decline in marriage rates is due to: A. increased rates of cohabitation. C. moral decline. B. people marrying later. D. economic recession.
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B
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47. An increasing number of people are not getting married at all; however, A. those who do not marry tend to practice cohabitation. B. the children of these people are at a disadvantage. C. a great majority of people do get married. D. African Americans have experienced the least decline in marriage rates.
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C
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48. Which of the following can NOT be concluded from the data given in your textbook? A. Marriage rates have fallen by more than half since 1970. B. The percentage of women married in 2010 was about half of that from 1980. C. Marriage rates are likely to continue declining. D. Americans no longer take marriage as seriously as they did in the past.
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D
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49. Which conclusion can NOT be drawn from current marriage trends? A. The vast majority of people marry. B. People spend fewer years of their lives married now than in the past. C. Americans are more likely to value careers over family. D. People are married less continuously throughout their lives than in the past.
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C
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50. Which of the following is NOT a way that social scientists have tried to understand the decline in marriage rates? A. by observing the changed behaviors of married and single people B. by comparing those who marry to those who don't C. by comparing different societies at different times D. by interviewing experts such as counselors
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D
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51. Which of the following is NOT a reason given in the text for the decline in marriage rates? A. racism C. individualism B. economic insecurity D. increased expectations of marriage
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A
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52. Which of the following is NOT a symbolic interactionist interpretation of wedding planning and wedding ceremonies? A. Weddings help individuals adjust to a new identity. B. The "wedding industrial complex" is an exploitative aspect of the engagement experience. C. Weddings socialize people into their roles. D. Engagement rings can be an expression of love, equality, or wealth.
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B
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53. Adjusted for inflation, the cost of throwing a wedding now, compared with the cost in 1945, is: A. about the same. C. about 25 percent less. B. nearly double. D. ten times as expensive.
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A
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54. Which of the following is NOT one of the primary forms of endogamy practiced in the United States? A. race C. religion B. desire for children D. education
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B
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55. The marriage squeeze: A. raised the marriage rate for women. B. contributed to earlier marriage for Baby Boomers. C. is an example of demography affecting marriage choices. D. is usually due to a shortage of marriageable women.
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C
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56. Marriage rates among black women have declined due to all of the following EXCEPT: A. the war on drugs. B. economic forces. C. increased job opportunities for black women. D. the marriage squeeze.
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C
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57. The norms for marriage have become weaker, leaving it to be considered more optional. Andrew Cherlin calls this: A. marriage diversity. C. the cohabitation trend. B. the deinstitutionalization of marriage. D. the decline of marriage ethics.
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B
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58. The text indicates three primary reasons people still choose to marry. Which of the following is NOT one of these reasons? A. social and legal incentives C. imitation B. social pressure D. religious beliefs
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D
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59. Which are the two assumptions necessary for viewing marriage as a market? A. voluntary participation and competition C. available partners and valuing partners B. available partners and competition D. competition and valuing partners
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A
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60. Sociologists have objected to the market model of marriage for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: A. potential mates may have conflicting desires. B. this model trivializes human intimacy. C. marriage choices are not always rational. D. spouse decisions do not always reflect a choice from many alternatives.
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B
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61. The social space in which people search for potential marriage partners is called: A. society. C. marriage market. B. partner marketplace. D. college.
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C
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62. The marriage practice of early humans and ancient civilizations that facilitated trade, reduced health problems, and prevented conflict was called: A. exogamy. C. polygamy. B. endogamy. D. monogamy.
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A
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63. Which of the following is NOT true about racial intermarriage in the United States? A. Outmarriage of white men and African American women is common because there are so many available African American women. B. Racial intermarriage can pose a threat to the stability of some ethnic groups. C. Intermarriage rates correspond to the size of the group. D. Members of smaller groups are more likely to outmarry.
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A
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64. Religious endogamy has increased, in part, due to: A. changes in behavior of fundamentalist groups. B. ethnic assimilation of some groups, such as Jews. C. an increase in the traditional authority of the church. D. a decline of individualism.
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A
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65. Among the poor and working class, the desire to wait for financial stability motivates them toward: A. cohabitation before marriage. C. cohabitation after marriage. B. cohabitation instead of marriage. D. multiple jobs.
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A
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66. The text describes couples who may choose cohabitation instead of marriage in any of the following instances EXCEPT: A. those whose intermarriage is not accepted. B. couples who can't agree about whether to marry. C. couples with social class differences. D. couples who are philosophically opposed to marriage.
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D
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68. Even though U.S. society rigorously values individualism, Americans nevertheless still predominantly view marriage as: A. a monogamous endeavor. C. just one stage of life. B. a lifelong commitment. D. less important.
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B
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69. In researching marriage among black men, Tera Hurt found that happily married men usually valued which of the following? A. lifelong commitment, success, education, and security B. success, education, emotional support, and security C. lifelong commitment, success, emotional support, and security D. religious commitment, lifelong commitment, success, and security
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C
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70. According to research, which of the following is NOT true about marital satisfaction? A. It tends to decline over the life of a marriage. B. Marriage is more beneficial for women than it is for men. C. Men and women tend to describe their marriages differently. D. Whites describe their marriages as happier than other groups.
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B
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71. Which is true about social class and marital happiness? A. Richer couples tend to be happier, whether married or cohabiting. B. Social class has no effect on marital happiness. C. Middle-class couples tend to be the happiest group. D. Poor marriages tend to be happiest.
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A
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72. The author of the text asserts that the benefits of marriage stem from all of the following sources EXCEPT: A. responsibility. C. social status. B. cooperation. D. communication.
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D
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73. Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) had two major goals. They were: A. to provide food and health care assistance to poor families. B. to provide education and cash assistance to poor families. C. to provide assistance to poor families and promote two-parent families. D. to provide assistance to single parents and their children.
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C
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74. Which of the following was NOT a criticism of Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) discussed in the text? A. The government should pursue broader policies promoting employment, not promoting marriage. B. The program required too many tax dollars and unfairly redistributed wealth. C. The program could encourage women to stay in abusive marriages. D. The underlying assumption of the program (that single parenting causes poverty) is flawed.
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B
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75. The 1993 policy implemented by Bill Clinton to address the issue of gay military recruits was known as: A. "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" C. DOMA B. "Heterosexual Recruitment" D. Tolerance Policy
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A
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76. This policy passed by Congress in 1996 forbade the government from recognizing the marriages of same-sex couples. A. "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" C. DOMA B. "Heterosexual Recruitment" D. Tolerance Policy
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C
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77. The trend in public opinion indicates that: A. a majority of Americans have no opinion on gay marriage. B. attitudes against gay marriage will grow in coming years. C. the U.S. public will remain divided on this issue for many years. D. a growing majority will continue to support same-sex marriage rights.
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D
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78. Religious leaders, counselors, media, and social workers are some examples of this category of reasons people marry: A. incentives C. social pressure B. imitation D. belief systems
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C
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79. According to researcher Tera Hurt, which of the following statements is true about the four categories of reasons for marital happiness? A. All of these categories involve morality. B. None of them imply mutuality. C. They are mostly individualistic. D. They are only true for African American men.
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C
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80. Social status is one of the rewards of marriage. Consequently, some single people—particularly women—suffer from: A. stigma. C. depression. B. discrimination. D. isolation.
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A
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81. When Ellen DeGeneres and Portia de Rossi were considering having a child, references to them "starting a family" indicated that A. childless couples somehow add up to less than a family. B. gay marriage is now widely accepted in the United States. C. lesbian parents can raise children just as well as heterosexual parents. D. the media loves talking about children.
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A
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82. On average, American families have how many children? A. 1 C. 3 B. 2 D. 4
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C
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83. In 2011, births to unmarried women reached a record high of _____________ percent. A. 14 C. 41 B. 25 D. 60
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C
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84. Although fewer parents are married now than in the past, why are many children involved with more than two parents? A. People are more likely to have "parents of choice" in addition to biological parents. B. A growing number of families include stepparents and siblings from parents' previous relationships. C. The suburbanization of America has meant that children spend more time at other people's houses. D. Younger people are reaching out to older people more with the aging of the Baby Boomer generation.
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B
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85. The number of women reaching age 45 without having any children has increased by what percentage since the 1980s? A. 10 C. 40 B. 20 D. 50
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B
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86. While biological parents are the adults whose bodies produce a child, adoptive parents are A. parents to a child they did not produce biologically. B. not actually parents. C. lacking the deep, natural connection with their children. D. better parents than biological parents.
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A
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87. The sociological definition of parents A. is limited to the mother-father couple. B. includes a specific number of parents. C. requires one man and one woman. D. is fluid, especially when the law does not set the rules.
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D
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88. The sociological definition of fertility focuses on A. whether or not individuals are able to reproduce biologically. B. the number of children born in a society or among a particular group. C. the number of children an average woman wants in her lifetime. D. the number of children fathered by the average man.
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B
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89. If a country has a fertility rate of more than 2.1 or so, the population will usually A. grow C. shrink B. stagnate D. explode
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A
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90. More than a third of baby-boom mothers had four children each. By 2006, only about what percentage of women turning 45 had that number of children? A. 12 C. 30 B. 25 D. 50
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A
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91. Forty-one percent of all children born in the United States are born to parents who aren't married, up from 28 percent in 1990. This trend is closely tied to A. wealth inequality. C. the growing immigrant population. B. the legalization of gay marriage. D. the decline of marriage.
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D
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92. Within the broader growing trend of single parenthood, what is one way people become single parents? A. Young adults, either alone or with a partner, are not ready to marry. B. Older women decide to have children as a tax break. C. Divorced people may be too selfish to marry again. D. Gay and lesbian couples may refuse to conform to social norms.
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A
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93. Single parenthood is more common among which group? A. American Indians C. Whites B. Latinas D. Asians
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A
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94. Total fertility rates indicate that Latina women on average have almost how many children? A. 1 C. 4 B. 2.5 D. 5
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B
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95. The relatively high fertility rate among Latinos partly explains the growth of their population in the country as a whole. What is one of the reasons for this pattern? A. Latinos are descended from relatively older immigrants. B. The Catholic church encourages family planning practices. C. Groups with higher levels of education usually have higher fertility rates. D. The Latino population includes many young, healthy adults.
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D
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96. Why are first-generation Latino immigrants more likely to have children than families who immigrated in earlier generations? A. The American education system lacks a sexual education curriculum. B. The United States is polluted with environmental toxins that prevent fertility. C. Latin American culture places high value on having children. D. Latinos know they can get welfare from the U.S. government.
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C
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97. Women who did not finish high school have an average of 2.6 children, compared with how many among those with bachelor's degrees? A. .4 C. 3.5 B. 1.8 D. 4.0
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B
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98. The price one pays for choosing the less lucrative available option is known as A. high price C. clearance rate B. opportunity cost D. sale option
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B
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99. What is one reason women with lower education levels tend to have more children? A. Women continue their education after they have children. B. Poor women want to take advantage of the welfare system, which provides more money per child. C. Childrearing threatens higher incomes and career status. D. Younger parents have more to lose financially than older parents.
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C
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100. Barbara is a 35-year-old executive at a banking firm. What is the opportunity cost of her decision to have children? A. She risks halting or losing her stature within the company or industry. B. She will receive a tax break for having children. C. She may be able to find a job that will pay her more since she will have higher expenses. D. Having a child will give her time to go back to school.
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A
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101. What is one typical example that demonstrates how parents plan their births around their economic circumstances? A. Grace, a 45-year-old, waited to have children until after the economic recession. B. Joyce, a 25-year-old, waited to have children until after the economic recession. C. Molly, a 19-year-old, decided to have children while she was on welfare. D. Sunita, a 32-year-old, decided to have children while she had a high-paying job.
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D
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102. What percentage of all pregnancies are identified as "unintended"? A. 15 percent C. 30 percent B. 25 percent D. 50 percent
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D
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103. The high frequency of unintended births, especially among women or couples with less education or fewer economic resources, partly results from A. poor decision making. B. lack of access to good-quality medical care. C. higher rates of sexual promiscuity.
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C
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104. How have adoption patterns in the United States shifted over the past half-century? A. Adoption has become less common, but it is more open and acceptable. B. Adoption has become more common and less acceptable. C. Adoption has become easier, especially internationally. D. Adoption has become unnecessary with the improvement of state support for poor families.
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A
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105. The main reason adoption became less common after the 1960s is that A. stricter laws made adoption more difficult. B. fewer babies were being relinquished by their birth parents. C. the number of adoptive parents was decreasing. D. there was a greater stigma associated with adoption.
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B
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106. What is one reason contemporary mothers might be unlikely to give their children up for adoption? A. The stigma associated with unmarried motherhood has decreased. B. It is harder to gain access to birth control. C. Investigative news stories have shown that adoptive parents don't care for children as well as birth parents. D. More women are being coerced by birth fathers to keep their children.
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A
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107. Research shows that by the time they reach adolescence, the great majority of adopted children A. are falling behind on their standardized tests. B. are more likely to use drugs and alcohol. C. do not get along with their adoptive parents. D. say they are glad they got to know their birth parents.
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D
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108. When Arturo found out he was adopted, his peers teased him, saying that his real parents didn't care about him. Arturo has met his birth parents, and following research trends, how is Arturo likely to respond? A. He will know that his birth parents gave him up for adoption for his own good. B. He will agree with his peers since he resents his birth parents. C. He will feel inferior to his peers who have better parents. D. He will lie to his peers, saying that he was not adopted.
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A
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109. Children are most likely to be adopted through which method? A. private services C. coercion B. international adoption D. foster care system
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A
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110. International adoption reached its peak in which year? A. 1967 C. 2004 B. 1982 D. 2014
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C
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111. The largest number of international adoptions came from which countries? A. Mexico, India, Thailand, and Kenya B. China, Russia, South Korea, and Guatemala C. Canada, Germany, France, and Italy D. South Africa, Nigeria, Egypt, and Iraq
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B
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112. The decline in international adoptions was part of a worldwide trend in which the act was A. praised as a beneficiary effort. B. made more expensive. C. closely scrutinized for ethical and legal violations.
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C
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113. Which of the following represents a typical response when people are asked why they had children? A. "I was young, but I was ready." B. "I had thought it out extensively, and this was the right time." C. "It was part of my life plan with my partner." D. "I really didn't want to have kids, but my partner did."
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A
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114. Raising children is often expected to A. pay off financially. B. help provide long-term care for elderly parents. C. drain parents of all time and energy. D. give emotional and symbolic rewards.
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D
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115. In 2008, what percentage of pregnancies resulted in abortion? A. 5 C. 49 B. 18 D. 82
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B
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116. Which group of women is most likely to have an abortion? A. white women C. married women B. low-income women D. lesbian women
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B
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117. In the past few years, American opinion of abortions has moved in which general direction? A. More people consider themselves "pro-life." B. More people consider themselves "pro-choice." C. More people believe abortion should be illegal. D. More people have no opinion.
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A
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118. Falling rates of abortion may be due in part to which trend? A. decreased use of contraception C. better insurance coverage for abortions B. increased access to abortion services D. attacks on abortion providers
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D
question
119. Emily, a 25-year-old white woman, just found out she is infertile. What is one factor that may have led to her infertility? A. her racial background B. her high-paying job, which may have stressed her system too much C. her history of sexually transmitted infections D. her age, as young women are more likely to experience infertility
answer
C
