Management processes and behavior – Flashcards
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Rapid expansion
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Gets in the way of quality control
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Classical perspective
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Contains three subfields: scientific management, bureaucratic organizations, and administrative principles.
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Effectiveness
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The degree to which the organization achieves a stated Goal, or succeeds in accomplishing what it tries to do
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Quality movement
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Japanese companies achieved a great departure from the American model by gradually shifting from an inspection oriented approach to quality control toward an approach that emphasized employee involvement in the prevention of quality problems
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Behavioral sciences approach
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The behavioral sciences approach uses scientific methods and draws from sociology psychology anthropology economics and other disciplines to develop theories about human behavior and interaction in an organizational setting
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Supply chain management
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Supply chain management refers to manage in the sequence of suppliers and purchasers covered all stages of processing from obtained raw materials to distributing finish goods to consumers
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Employee involvement
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Employee involvement means that achieving better quality requires companywide participation in quality control
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Organization development
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Evolved as a separate field that applied the behavioral sciences to improve the organization's health and effectiveness through its ability to cope with change, and improve internal relationships, and increase problem-solving capabilities.
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Supply chain
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Is a network of multiple businesses and individuals that are connected through the flow of products or services
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Social media programs
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Include company online community pages, social media sites such as Facebook or linked in, microblogging platforms such as Twitter and China's Weibo, and company online forums
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Customer relationship management CRM
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Is a model for managing a company's interactions with current and future customers
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Total quality management TQMzdd
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Focuses on managing the total organization to deliver better quality to customers, moved to the forefront in helping US managers deal with the global competition. The approach infuses high quality values throughout every activity with in a company, with frontline workers intimately involved in the process. Four significant elements of quality management ar employee involvement, focus on the customer, benchmarking, and continuous improvement.
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Universalist view
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The classical perspective assumed a Universalist you. Management concepts were thought to be universal; that is, what ever work in terms of management style, bureaucratic structure, and so on in one organization would work in any other one.
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Efficiency
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The amount of resources used to achieve an organizational goal
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Human resources perspective
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Maintained an interest in worker participation and considerate leadership but shifted the emphasis to consider the daily task that people perform. The human resources perspective combines prescriptions for design of job tasks with theories of motivation
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Systems thinking
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Is the ability to see both the distinct elements of a system or situation and the complex and changing interaction among those elements.
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Management
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The attainment of organizational goals in effective and efficient manner through planning, organizing, leading, and controlling the organizational resources. This definition includes two important ideas: one the four functions of planning, organizing, leading and controlling, and 2 the attainment of organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner
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Scientific management
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Scientifically determined jobs and management practices as tge way to improve efficiency and labor productivity
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Humanistic perspective
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Emphasizes the importance of understanding human behaviors, needs, and attitudes in the workplace, as well as social interactions angry processes. There are three primary subfields based on the humanistic perspective: the human relations movement, the human resources perspective, and the behavioral sciences approach.
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Hawthorne effect
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Observation that employee motivation is affected as much or more by recognition and show of concern, as it is by improvements in their work conditions observed by the US productivity researcher George Elton mayo during 1927 to 1933 at the Hawthorne Illinois plant of Western electric
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Organization
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A social entity that his goal directed and deliberately structured
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Performance
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The attainment of organizational goals by using resources in an efficient and effective manner.
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Administrative principles approach
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Another major subfield with in the classical perspective that focuses on the total organization rather than the productivity of the individual worker. The major contributor to this approach was Henry Fayol a French mining engineer
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Management Science
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Also referred to as the quantitative perspective, provided a way to address those problems. This view is distinguished for its application of mathematics, statistics and other quantitative techniques to management decision-making and problem-solving
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Synergy
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Says that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. The Organization must be managed as a whole.
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Role
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A set of expectations for a manager's behavior
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Time management
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Refers to using techniques that enable you to get more done in less time and with better results, be more relaxed, and have more time to enjoy your work and your life.
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Bureaucratic organizations approach
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A systematic approach developed in Europe that looked at the organization as a whole, a subfield within the classical perspective. Max Weber a German theorist introduced most of the concepts on bureaucratic organizations
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Contingency view
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Means that one thing depends on other things and A manager's response to a situation depends on identifying key contingencies in an organizational situation
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Human relations movement
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Was based on the idea that truly effective control comes from within the individual worker rather Than from strict, authoritarian control.
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Little
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The early work on industrial psychology and personnel selection under the human relations movement received _______ attention because of the prominence of scientific management.
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Money
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Recent reanalysis of the Hawthorne experiments have revealed that _______ may well have been the single most important factor in the general increase in performance.
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Mary Parker Follett
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her background as a social worker informed her writings on reducing conflict in organizations she stressed the idea that leaders must work with people rather than implementing a set of techniques
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Elton Mayo
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With Fritz Roethlisberger, he conducted the relay Assembly test room experiments at the Hawthorne electric plant
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Theory X
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Because of the human characteristic of dislike for work most people must be coerced, controlled, directed, or threatened with punishment to get them to put forth adequate effort toward the achievement of organizational objectives.
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Theory y
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External control and the threat of punishment are not the only means for bringing about effort towards organizational objectives. A person will exercise self-direction and self-control in the service of objectives to which he or she is committed.
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Within
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The human relations movement was based on the idea that truly effective control comes from _____ the individual worker.
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Increased illumination
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Although the initial hypothesis of the Hawthorne experiment suggested that __________ would increase productivity, this did not ultimately prove to be The case.
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Douglas McGregor
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This individual used Maslow's work as the basis for his own work defying two different types of managers
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Chester Barnard
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His concept of the informal organization suggest is that cliques and other social groups can affect employer behavior
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Social context of work
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One criticism of scientific management is that it does not take the ___________ into account.
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Contingency view
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Which management theory deals with the idea that a management technique that works in one situation may not work in a different situation?
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Abraham Maslow
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This individual was a practicing psychologists who observed that his patients' problems usually stemmed from the inability to satisfy their needs.
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Technology
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The latest techniques for customer relationship management CRM rely on a sophisticated use of:
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International dimension
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Originating in other countries, this dimension can influence all of the other dimensions of the general environment.
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Natural dimension
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All of the resources of the planet and their conservation fall into this dimension.
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Competitors
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These organizations attempt to take customers away from a company
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Culture
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How we do things around here is a reflection of this part of an organization, and it includes the company's beliefs, understandings, and norms.
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Internal environment
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Includes employees, management and culture
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Task environment external
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Includes competitors, suppliers, customers, and Labor market.
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General environment external
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Includes technological, legal/political, international, sociocultural, natural and economics.
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Worldwide recession
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Would be part of the general environment
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An open system
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The relationship between the test environment and the general environment is best described as an _______. Changes in the task environment affect the general environment, and changes in the general environment affect the test environment.
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Sociocultural
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One example of sociocultural is people moving from Louisiana to Oklahoma to avoid the effects of the spill. When people move from one location to another, a demographic shift occurs, change in the environment for all organizations. It is not an international dimension because people are staying within one country.
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Technical
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One example of technical is using deep-sea submersibles to take pictures of all leak amount below the surface of the water. Deep-sea submersibles incorporate new technology and their introduction had a huge impact on under water drilling
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International
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One example of the general environment dimension is lack of oil in the United States causing other countries to increase the number of wells they drill. The involvement of other countries makes this the international dimension changes in the international dimension. changes in the international dimension often affect other dimensions, especially the economic and sociocultural dimensions.
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Adversarial orientation
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Includes suspicion, competition, arms length. Focus is on Prices , efficiency, own profits. Information and feedback is limited. Uses lawsuit to resolve conflict. Minimal involvement and upfront investment. Short-term contracts. Contracts limit the relationship.
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Partnership orientation
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Trust, value added to both sides. Equity, fair Dealing. E-business links to share information and conduct digital transactions. Close coordination; virtual team and people on site. Involvement in partner product design And production. Long-term contract. business assistance goes beyond contract
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More
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Rapid changes in technology and other environmental issues force a manager to pay _____ attention to external issues.
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Example of inter organizational partnership
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Burger king offers toys and drinking glasses tied into movies from Paramount pictures.
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Boundary spanning role example
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Harley Davidson hires an outside research firm to search through massive amounts of data to reveal patterns that help decipher and predict competitors actions
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Example of a merger
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United airlines buys Continental airlines to create one airline company with more than 87,000 employees.
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Example of a joint venture
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Panasonic partnered with DirecTV to bring 3-D television shows into peoples homes
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Culture that can be seen at the surface level
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Is visible. Such as artifacts, such as dress,Office layout, symbols, sLogans, and ceremonies.
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The deeper values and shared understandings hailed by organization members as part of the level of corporate culture
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They are invisible such as expressed values, such as "the Penney idea"or the HP way and underlying assumptions and deep beliefs, such as people here care about one another like a family
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Match
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To be effective, and organizations culture must -------the external environment
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Which of the following statements are true about organizational culture?
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The action managers can take can change a company's culture. Coulter can create a competitive advantage for company. Employees may be unaware of the underlying assumptions that Guide an organization's culture
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Needs of the environment
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Flexibility and stability on the internal as a strategic focus includes adaptability culture and achievement culture flexibility is the adaptable culture stability is the achievement culture on the external flexibility is an involvement culture. Where as stability is a consistency culture.
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Involvement
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In an involvement culture, managers emphasize values such as cooperation, consideration of both employees and customers, and avoiding status differences
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Corporate Cultural types
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Involvement the organization is very personal much like an extended family. Achievement the organization is accomplishment oriented, with a focus on competition and getting jobs done.
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Creating a culture that is active and involved
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Make sure that you do what you want your team today if you want them to volunteer, you need to volunteer, too. Make sure that anyone on your team who volunteers to take action gets a reward publicly recognize their effort. Painting a verbal picture for your team of what life would be like if fees were reduced
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Expressed values
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Are symbols that represent a company's way of doing things
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Consistency culture
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Uses an internal focus and a consistency orientation for a stable environment following the rules and being thrifty are valued, and the culture supports and rewards a methodical, rational, orderly way of doing things
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Competitive intelligence CI
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Activities designed to get as much information as possible about one's rivals
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Achievement culture
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Is suited to organizations concern was serving specific customers in the external environment, but without the intense need for flexibility and rapid change. This results oriented culture values competitiveness, aggressiveness, personal initiative, cost-cutting, and willingness to work long and hard to achieve results
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Sociocultural dimension
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Represents the demographic characteristics as well as the norms, customs, and values of the general population. Important sociocultural characteristics or geographic distribution and population density, age and education levels.
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Culture
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The set of keys values, beliefs, understanding, and Norms shared by members of an organization.
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High-performance culture
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A culture that is based on a solid organizational mission or purpose, and embodies shared adaptive values that guide decisions and business purposes, and encourages individual employee ownership of both bottom-line results and organizational cultural backbone
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Symbol
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Is an object, act, or event that conveys meaning to others
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Organizational ecosystem
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The system formed by the interaction among the committee of organizations in the environment. An ecosystem includes organizations in all the sectors of the task and general environments that provide the resource and information transactions, flows, and linkages necessary for an organization to thrive.
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Adaptability culture
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Emerges in an environment that Requires fast response and high-risk decision-making. Managers encouraged Values that support the company's ability to rapidly detect, interpret, and translate signals from the environment into new behaviors.
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Competitors
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Organizations in the same type of business that provides goods or services to the same set of customers are referred to as competitors
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Business intelligence
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Results from using sophisticated software to search through large amounts of internal and external data to spot patterns, trends, and relationships that might be significant
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Uncertainty
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That managers do not have sufficient information about environmental factors to understand and predict environmental needs and changes.
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Story
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Is a narrative based on true events and is repeated frequently and shared among organizational employees
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Natural dimension
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Includes all elements that occur naturally on earth, including plants, animals, Rocks, and resources such as air, water, and climate
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Organizational environment
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The external organizational environment includes all elements existing outside the boundary of the organization that have the potential to affect the organization
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Legal/political dimension
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Includes government regulations at the local, state, and federal levels, as well as political activities designed to influence company behavior.
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Hero
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Is a figure who exemplifies the deeds, character , and attributes of a strong culture. heroes are role models for employees to follow
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Suppliers
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Provide the raw material that the organization uses to produce its output
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Technological dimension
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Includes scientific and technological advancement in a qspecific industry, as well as a society at large
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Economic dimension
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Represents the general economic health of the country or region in which organization operates. Consumer purchasing power, the unemployment rate, and interest rates are part of an organization as a economic environment.
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Ceremony
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Managers have ceremonies, planned activities at a special event to reinforce company values
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International dimension
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Includes events originating in a foreign countries , as well as opportunities for US companies in other countries
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Labor market
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Represents people in the environment who can be hard to work for the organization
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Slogan
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A phrase or sentence that succinctly expresses a key corporate value. many companies use a slogan or saying to convey special meaning to employees
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Strategic issues
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Are events or forces either inside or outside an organization that are likely to alter its ability to achieve its objectives.
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Internal environment
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Includes the elements within the organization's boundaries the internal environment is composed of current employees, management, and especially corporate culture, which defines employee behavior in the internal environment and how well the organization will adapt to the external environment.
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Boundary spanning roles
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Link to an coordinate the organization with key elements in the external environment. Boundary spanners serve two purposes for the organization: they detect and process information about changes in the environment, and they represent the organization's interest to the environment
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Customers
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Those people and organizations in environment that acquire goods or services from the organization
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Involvement culture
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Emphasizes an internal focus on the involvement and participation of employees to adapt rapidly to changing needs from the environment. This culture places High value on meeting the needs of employees, and the organization may be characterized by a Caring, family like atmosphere
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Merger
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Occurs when two or more organizations combine to become one
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Joint venture
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Involves a strategic alliance or program by two or more organizations. A joint venture typically occurs when a project is too complex, expensive, or uncertain for one firm to handle alone
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General environment
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Effects organizations indirectly. It includes social, economic, legal/political, international, natural, and technological factors that influence all organizations about equally.
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Task. Environment
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Is closer to the organization and includes the sectors that conduct day -to-day transactions with the organization and directly influence its basic operations and performance. It is generally considered to include competitors, suppliers, customers, and the labor market.
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Cultural leader
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Defines a uses signals and symbols to influence corporate culture.
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merger
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When two or more companies combine to become a single company, this is called a(n):
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achievement
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In an_________ culture, an emphasis on winning and reaching specific ambitious goals is the glue that holds the organization together.
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Corporate Culture Type: Consistency
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Employees follow the rules and are thrifty
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Corporate Culture Type: Involvement
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Employees value cooperation and equality, are caring and considerate of others.
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Slogans
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BMW advertises its cars in the U.S. as "The Ultimate Driving Machine." What tool is BMW using to express its corporate culture?
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culture
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The set of key values, beliefs, and norms that are shared by employees of the organization are called the organization's:
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Quadrant B organizations
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put a lot of energy into establishing high performance and high cultural values.
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a ceremony.
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When a corporation invites its stockholders to participate in an annual meeting so the corporation can express its mission, vision, values, goals, and accomplishments, it is communicating its culture through:
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True
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The WTO (World Trade Organization) was proposed during the Uruguay Round of the General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade. It is a permanent alliance of over 150 countries that monitors international trade and arbitrates disputes between countries. The purpose of the WTO is to liberalize trade restrictions across the world.
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False
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According to NAFTA, the United States must pay duties on all items that it ships to Mexico.
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False
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The goal of the EU is to integrate the markets of France, England, Spain, and Russia.
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True
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The goal of the European Union is to integrate the markets of Europe. As of 2011, Russia was not included in the EU.
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a person with a global mindset, is characterized by
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the ability to perceive and respond to many different perspectives at the same time. the ability to navigate through ambiguities and complexities caused by cultural differences. the ability to appreciate and to influence others to appreciate cultural differences.
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Many Americans object to globalization because:
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they dislike the number of domestic jobs that have been offshored to other countries
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The management of business activities that are conducted in more than one country is called:
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international management.
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When a U.S. company builds a subsidiary in a foreign country "from scratch," what type of business arrangement is this called?
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Greenfield venture
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An overview of the strategies companies use to enter the global market. From least risk to mosr
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A. Exporting B. Global Outsourcing C. Licensing D. Franchising E. Joint Venture F. Acquisition G. Greenfield Venture
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consistency culture
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uses an internal focus and a consistency orientation for a stable environment. Following the rules and being thrifty are valued, and the culture supports and rewards a methodical, rational, orderly way of doing things.
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competitive intelligence (CI)
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activities designed to get as much information as possible about one's rivals
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The achievement culture
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is suited to organizations concerned with serving specific customers in the external environment, but without the intense need for flexibility and rapid change. This results-oriented culture values competitiveness, aggressiveness, personal initiative, cost cutting, and willingness to work long and hard to achieve results.
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sociocultural dimension
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The sociocultural dimension of the general environment represents the demographic characteristics as well as the norms, customs, and values of the general population. Important sociocultural characteristics are geographical distribution and population density, age, and education levels.
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culture
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is the set of key values, beliefs, understandings, and norms shared by members of an organization.
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high-performance culture
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a culture that (1) is based on a solid organizational mission or purpose, (2) embodies shared adaptive values that guide decisions and business practices, and (3) encourages individual employee ownership of both bottom-line results and the organization's cultural backbone.
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symbol
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is an object, act, or event that conveys meaning to others.
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organizational ecosystem
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is a system formed by the interaction among a community of organizations in the environment. An ecosystem includes organizations in all the sectors of the task and general environments that provide the resource and information transactions, flows, and linkages necessary for an organization to thrive.
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adaptability culture
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emerges in an environment that requires fast response and high-risk decision making. Managers encourage values that support the company's ability to rapidly detect, interpret, and translate signals from the environment into new behaviors.
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competitors
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Organizations in the same industry or type of business that provide goods or services to the same set of customers are referred to as :
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Business intelligence
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results from using sophisticated software to search through large amounts of internal and external data to spot patterns, trends, and relationships that might be significant.
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Uncertainty
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means that managers do not have sufficient information about environmental factors to understand and predict environmental needs and changes.
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natural dimension
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includes all elements that occur naturally on Earth, including plants, animals, rocks, and resources such as air, water, and climate.
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The legal-political dimension
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includes government regulations at the local, state, and federal levels, as well as political activities designed to influence company behavio
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Technological dimension
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of the general environment includes scientific and technological advancements in a specific industry, as well as in society at large.
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economic dimension
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represents the general economic health of the country or region in which the organization operates. Consumer purchasing power, the unemployment rate, and interest rates are part of an organization's economic environment.
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international dimension
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The international dimension of the external environment includes events originating in foreign countries, as well as new opportunities for U.S. companies in other countries
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internal environment
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which includes the elements within the organization's boundaries.
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Masculinity
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Masculinity stands for preference for achievement, heroism, assertiveness, work centrality (with resultant high stress), and material success.
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Global outsourcing
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also called offshoring, means engaging in the international division of labor so that work activities can be done in countries with the cheapest sources of labor and supplies.
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joint venture
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a company shares cost and risks with another firm, typically in the host country to develop new products build a manufacturing facility, or setup a sales or distribution network.
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Collectivism
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means a preference for a tightly knit social framework in which individuals look after one another and organizations protect their member's interests.
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Direct investing
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is a market entry strategy in which the organization is directly involved in managing its production facilities in a foreign country.
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short-term orientation
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found in Russia and West Africa, is more concerned with the past and the present and places a high value on tradition and meeting social obligations.
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multinational corporation (MNC)
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multinational corporation (MNC) typically receives more than 25 percent of its total sales revenues from operations outside the parent's home country
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Femininity
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reflects the values of relationships, cooperation, group decision making, and quality of life.
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International management
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is the management of business operations conducted in more than one country.
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Individualism
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reflects a value for a loosely knit social framework in which individuals are expected to take care of themselves.
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Geocentric companies
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are truly world oriented and favor no specific country.
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Economic development
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differs widely among the countries and regions of the world. Countries can be categorized as either developing or developed
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In the workplace, managers are required to follow:
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legal standards of behavior codified by law and ethical standards of behavior based in society's shared values.
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When Mitchell Gold decided to welcome people from all backgrounds to his factory, he was acting as:
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A moral agent
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This term refers to the standards of right and wrong that tell people what they should or shouldn't do.
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Ethics
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Utilitarian approach
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This ethical code says that people should do whatever produces the highest and best outcome for the largest number of people
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Procedural justice
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"The concept that rules should be clearly stated and consistently and impartially enforced."
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Corporate social responsibility
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This term refers to the idea that an organization needs to do more than just make money for its shareholders—it needs to operate in the best interests of its community and society at large, as well.
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Triple bottom line
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When a company looks at how much money it makes, whether or not its practices harm the community, and how much of an impact it is making on the environment, it is concerned with this
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Ethical responsibility
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A company at this level of corporate social responsibility will take actions to be sure employees are treated fairly. For example, they would not give two different employees different pay raises for the same accomplishment.
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Ethics training
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When managing corporate ethics, this technique is used to help employees understand what kinds of ethical dilemmas they will face on the job, and how they should respond to those dilemmas
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Whistle-blowing
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This technique involves bringing breaches of ethical standards to the attention of the appropriate authorities.
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procedural justice approach
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suggests that ethical behavior involves making sure that rules are followed both exactly and fairly.
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individualism
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which states that acts are moral when they are in a person's best interests in the long term.
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utilitarian approach
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tries to do the thing that is going to provide the greatest good for the greatest number of people
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Preconventional
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People focus on the personal consequences of their actions. What happens to them as individuals determines what kind of behaviors are right or wrong. Stage 1 The primary motivation is to avoid punishment. Stage 2 The primary motivation is to be rewarded.
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Conventional
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People focus on the social implications of their behavior. Stage 3 Morality is determined by the reactions of others. The primary motivation is maintaining others' approval. Stage 4 Morality is determined by what's best for society. Laws should always be followed so that order is maintained.
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Postconventional
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people focus on developing a personal code of ethics to be universally applied. Stage 5 The individual and society have obligations to one another that should be respected. Situational factors can influence whether rules and laws should be obeyed, allowing for exceptions. Stage 6 Universal principles of fairness, equality, and justice are developed. These may not always be reflected by society's laws and rules.
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levels of corporate social responsibility
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At the bottom of the pyramid is economic responsibility, Legal responsibility is the next layer of social responsibility. The next higher level of social responsibility involves meeting ethical responsibilities Finally, companies that engage in discretionary social responsibility proactively try to make things better for others.
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measure of sustainability
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An organization that meets the needs of current and future generations by protecting the environment
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