Management (Griffin) – Chapter 7 – Flashcards
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Planning process
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Mission statement > strategic goals, > strategic plans, > tactical goals, > tactical plans, > operational goals, > operational plans
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mission
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A statement of an organization's fundamental purpose
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strategic goal
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A goal set by and for top management of the organization. Broad in scope, and long term (avg of 5 to 10 yrs)
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tactical goal
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A goal set by and for middle managers of the organization. Medium scope, and mid-range term (avg of 2 to 3 yrs)
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operational goal
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A goal set by and for first-line managers of the organization. Narrow scope, and short term (avg of 1 yr or less)
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optimizing
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Balancing and reconciling possible conflicts among goals
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Strategic plan
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A general plan (based on strategic goals) outlining decisions of resource allocation, priorities, and action steps necessary to reach strategic goals
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tactical plan
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A plan aimed at achieving tactical goals (goals which were developed to implement a strategic plan)
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operational plan
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.A plan aimed at achieving operational goals (goals which were developed to implement a tactical plan)
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long-range plan
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A plan that covers many years, perhaps decades. Commonly, they're for 5 years or more
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intermediate plan
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A plan that covers a period of 1 to 5 years
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short-range plan
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A plan that generally covers a span of 1 year or less
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action plan
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A plan used to operationalize any other kind of plan
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reaction plan
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A plan developed to react to an unforeseen circumstance
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contingency planning
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The determination of alternative courses of action to be taken if an intended plan is unexpectedly disrupted or rendered inappropriate
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crisis management
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The set of procedures the organization uses in the event of a disaster or other unexpected calamity
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single-use plan
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Developed to carry out a course of action that is NOT likely to be repeated in the future
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program
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A single-use plan for a large set of activities
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project
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A single-use plan of less scope and complexity than a program
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standing plan
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Developed for activities that recur regularly over a period of time
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policy
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A standing plan that specifies the organization's general response to a designated problem or situation
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standard operating procedure (SOP)
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A standard plan that outlines the steps to be followed in particular circumstances
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rules & regulations
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Describe exactly how specific activities are to be carried out
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barriers to goal setting
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(1) inappropriate goals; (2) improper reward system (3) dynamic & complex environment (4) reluctance to establish goals (5) resistance to change (6) constraints
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overcoming barriers to goal setting
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(1) understanding purposes of goals & planning (2) communication & participation (3) consistency, revision & updating (consistent across organization as well as up & down organization) (4) effective reward systems
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management by objectives (MBO)
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A formal goal-setting process involving collaboration between managers & subordinates. The EXTENT to which goals are accomplished is a major factor in evaluating & rewarding subordinates' performance
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formal goal-setting process
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(1) establishment of organizational plans & goals (2) collaborative goal-setting & planning (3) meet with subordinates to communicate goals, counsel on individual goals, and determine resources needed to attain them (4) periodic review of goal attainment (5) evaluation (FEEDBACK from evaluation becomes input into next round of formal planning)
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implementation problems with goal setting
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(1) lack of support by top management (2) overemphasis on quantitative goals resulting in too much paperwork & recordkeeping (3) managers don't meet with subordinates, but simply assign them goals, leading to resentment, and lack of motivation
