Macroeconomics Final Exam Questions study guide Kent State – Flashcards

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What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?
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it measures the total income of everyone in the economy
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"When workers have a relatively small quantity of capital to use in producing goods and services, giving them an additional unit of capital increases their productivity by a relatively large amount." This statement
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is consistent with the view that capital is subject to diminishing returns.
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GDP
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also measures total expenditure on the economy's output of g&s
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Productivity is defined as the quantity of
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goods and services produced from each unit of labor input.
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All else equal, which of the following would tend to cause real GDP per person to rise?
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an increase in investment in human capital
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Productivity
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explains most of the differences in the standard of living across countries.
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The inputs into production of goods and services that are provided by nature, such as land, rivers, and mineral deposits are called
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natural resources.
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Which of the following will increase a country's real GDP per person?
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reducing restrictions on foreign trade and foreign investment
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You sell fruit smoothies. One day you double the time you spend and double all your inputs, and make twice as many smoothies. Your smoothie production function has
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constant returns to scale.
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Which of the following terms is used to refer to the ability of people to exercise authority over the resources they own?
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property rights
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An understanding of the best ways to produce goods and services is called
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Technology.
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The president of a poor country has announced that he will implement the following measures which he claims are designed to increase growth: 1. Reduce corruption in the legal system; 2. Reduce reliance on market forces because they allocate goods and services in an unfair manner; 3. Restrict investment in domestic industries by foreigners because they take some of the profits out of the country; 4. Encourage trade with neighboring countries; and 5. Increase the fraction of GDP devoted to consumption. How many of these measures will have a positive effect on growth?
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2
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If an American-based firm opens and operates a new watch factory in Panama, then it is engaging in
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foreign direct investment.
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The Karmic Deed Restaurant uses all of the following to produce vegetarian meals. Which of them is an example of physical capital?
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the tables and chairs in the restaurant
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A country with a relatively low level of real GDP per person is considering adopting two policies to promote economic growth. The first is to increase barriers to trade. The second is to restrict foreign portfolio investment. Which of these policies would most economist think would promote growth?
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neither the first nor the second
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Suppose that a new government is elected in Eurnesia. The new government takes steps toward improving the court system and reducing government corruption. The citizens of Eurnesia find these efforts credible and outsiders believe these changes will be effective and long lasting. These changes will probably
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raise real GDP per person and productivity in Eurnesia.
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Human capital is the
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knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and experience.
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The president of Suldinia, a developing country, proposes that his country needs to help domestic firms by reducing trade restrictions.
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These are outward-oriented policies and most economists believe they would have beneficial effects on growth in Suldinia.
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Other things equal, relatively poor countries tend to grow
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faster than relatively rich countries; this is called the catch-up effect.
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Human capital is
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knowledge and skills that workers have acquired.
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In one day Madison Laundry washed 4,000 pounds of laundry with 5 workers who each worked 8 hours. What was its productivity?
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100 pounds of laundry per hour
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Country A and country B are the same except country A currently has a lower level of capital. Assuming diminishing returns, if both countries increase their capital by 100 units and other factors that determine output are unchanged, then
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output in country A increases by more than in country B.
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Which of the following can be measured by the level of real GDP per person?
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the standard of living but not productivy
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Gross domestic product serves as a measure of two things
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the total income of everyone in the economy and the total expenditure on the nation's output of goods and services.
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Whichh of the following is included in Germany's GDP
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china produced by the English owned Wedgewood Company at a factory in Berlin, Germany
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If a U.S. citizen buys a television made in Korea by a Korean firm
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U.S. net exports decrease and U.S. GDP is unaffected.
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Suppose the government eliminates all environmental regulations and, as a result, the production of goods and services increases, but there is considerably more pollution. Based on this scenario, which of the following statements is correct?
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GDP would definitely increase, despite the fact that GDP includes environmental quality
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Consider two cars manufactured by Chevrolet in 2013. During 2013, Chevrolet sells one of the two cars to Sean for $24,000. Later in the same year, Sean sells the car to Kati for $19,000. The second automobile, with a market value of $30,000, is unsold at the endof 2014 and it remains in Chevrolet's inventory. The transactions just described contribute how much to GDP for 2013?
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$54,000
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American company operates a fast food restaurant in Paris, France. Which of the following statements is accurate?
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The value of the goods and services produced by the restaurant is included in French GDP, but not in U.S. GDP
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Which of the following is included in the investment component of GDP
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pending on new business equipment such as power tools but not spending on stocks and bonds
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If the prices of all goods and services produced in the economy rose while the quantity of all goods and services stayed the same, which would rise
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nominal GDP but not real GDP
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Human Development Index was proposed because
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of the limitations of real GDP
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When the consumer price index rises, the typical family
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has to spend more dollars to maintain the same standard of living.
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Which of the following is not a widely acknowledged problem with the CPI as a measure of the cost of living?
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unmeasured price change
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Substitution bias
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describes a bias in economics index numbers arising from tendency to purchase inexpensive substitutes for expensive items when prices change.
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By itself, a reduction in the price of large tractors imported into the United States from Russia
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leaves both the GDP deflator and the consumer price index unchanged.
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The price of imported olives produced by a U.S. company operating in Spain increases. By itself, what effect will this price increase have on the GDP deflator and on the CPI?
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The GDP deflator will be unaffected and the CPI will increase.
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In japan in 2000, nominal interest rates were 1.5 percent and the inflation rate was -0.5 percent. The real interest rate was
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2 %
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the producer price index measures the cost of a basket of goods and services
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bought by firms.
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an understanding of the best ways to produce goods and services is called
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technology.
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country's low growth. Which of the following contributes to low growth?
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poorly enforced property rights
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all else equal, if there are diminishing returns, then which of the following is true if a country increases its capital by one unit
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Output will rise but by less than it did when the previous unit was added
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Suppose that an American opens and operates a recording studio in Poland. This is an example of
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foreign direct investment. American saving is used to finance Polish investment.
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Suppose a country increases trade restrictions. This country would be pursing an
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inward policy, which most economists believe has adverse effects on the economy.
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which of the following would tend to cause real GDP per person to rise?
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a change from inward-oriented policies to outward-oriented policies an increase in investment in human capital strengthening of property rights.
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length of time until a bond matures is called the
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term to maturity.
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Stock represents
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a claim to a share of the profits of a firm, ownership in a firm, and equity finance.
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Megasoft wants to finance the purchase of new equipment for developing security software called Doors, but they have limited internal funds. Megasoft will likely
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demand loanable funds by selling bonds.
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Municipal bonds pay a relatively
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low rate of interest because of their low-default risk and because the interest they pay is not subject to federal income tax
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Other things the same, which bond would you expect to pay the highest interest rate?
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a bond issued by a new restaurant chain
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The sale of stocks
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to raise money is called equity finance
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The sale of bonds
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to raise funds is called debt finance
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Compared to bondholders, stockholders
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face higher risk and have the potential for higher returns
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During a financial crisis the possibility of bank failures rose. An increase in the likelihood of a bank failing shifts demand for its stock
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left, so the price falls.
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Stock indexes are
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The average of a group of stock prices
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In a closed economy, national saving is
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equal to investment.
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If Congress reduced the tax rate on interest income, investment
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and saving would increase.
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If the government instituted an investment tax credit, then which of the following would be higher in equilibrium?
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saving and the interest rate
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A budget surplus
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reduces the interest rate and raises investment
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Mixster Concrete Company is considering buying a new cement truck. The owners and their accountants decide that this is the profitable thing to do. Before they can buy the truck, the interest rate and price of trucks change. In which case do these changes both make them less likely to buy the truck
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both interest rates and price of trucks rise
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When you rent a car, you might treat it with less care than you would if it were y our own. This is an example of
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moral hazard.
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Samantha holds stocks in four companies. If she adds stocks of several more companies she will decrease
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firm specific risk but not market risk
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According to the efficient markets hypothesis, better than expected news about a corporation will
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raise the price of the stock.
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The efficient markets hypothesis implies
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that all stocks are fairly valued all the time and that no stock is a better buy than any other.
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The efficient markets hypothesis says that beating the market consistently is
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impossible. Many studies find that beating the market is, at best, extremely difficult
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An index fund
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holds all the stocks in a given stock index.
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If the efficient market hypothesis is correct, then
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index funds should typically beat managed funds, and usually do.
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Ted is working part time. Alice is on temporary layoff. Who is counted as employed by the BLS?
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Ted
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Sam just lost his job, but isn't yet looking for a new one. Sam is
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not counted as unemployed or counted as part of the labor force.
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The labor-force participation rate measures the percentage of the
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total adult population that is in the labor force
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Frictional unemployment can be the consequence of
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. workers leaving existing jobs to find ones they like better. . an industry declining while another is growing. . changes in the working conditions offered by competing firms
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Other things the same, an increase in wages above their equilibrium level
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increases structural unemployment and increases the natural rate of unemployment.
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Unions
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cause wages of nonunionized workers to fall.
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Which of the following best illustrates diversification?
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Instead of holding only the stocks of companies engaged in the banking business, a person decides to hold stock in a number of different companies producing different goods and services
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If stock prices follow a random walk, it means
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stock prices are just as likely to rise as to fall at any given time.
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Mario was laid off two months ago. He has not searched for other work because he is expecting to be recalled to work. In the U.S. labor force statistics Mario is counted as
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unemployed and in the labor force.
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The BLS counts discouraged workers as
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out of the labor force. If the were counted as unemployed the unemployment r ate would be higher.
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Which of the following is an explanation for the existence of frictional unemployment?
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job search
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Which of the following is a function of money?
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a unit of account a store of value medium of exchange
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Which of the following executes open-market operations
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New York Federal Reserve Bank
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Fed's primary tool to change the money supply is
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conducting open market operations.
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When the Fed decreases the discount rate, banks will
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borrow more from the Fed and lend more to the public. The money supply increases.
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Suppose that banks desire to hold no excess reserves the reserve ratio is 5 percent and a bank receives a new deposit of $1,000. This bank
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. will increase its required reserves by $50. . will initially see its total reserves increase by $1,000. will be able to make a new loan of $950.
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When conducting an open-market purchase, the Fed
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buys government bonds, and in so doing increases the money supply.
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Which h of the following is correct
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A bank's deposits at the Federal Reserves counts as part of the bank's reserves.The Federal Reserve pays interest on these deposits.
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The federal funds rate is the interest rate that
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banks charge one another for loans.
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When the price level falls, the number of dollars needed to buy a representative basket of goods
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decreases, so the value of money rises.
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Money demand refers to
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how much wealth people want to hold in liquid form.
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According to the classical dichotomy, which of the following is influenced by monetary factors
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nominal interest rates
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The evidence from hyperinflations indicates that money growth and inflation
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moved together, which is consistent with quantity theory.
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Surplus equal
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Exports - Imports
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A firm in China sells jackets to a U.S. department store chain. Other things the same, these sales
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decreases U.S. net exports and increase Chinese net exports.
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You buy a new car built in Sweden. Other things the same, your purchase by itself
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raises U.S. imports and lowers U.S. net exports.
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U.S. firm opens a factory that produces camping equipment in Estonia
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This increases U.S. net capital outflow and decreases Estonian net cap ital outflow.
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U.S. pharmacy buys drugs from a British company and pays for them with US dollars. This transaction
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increases British net exports, and decreases U.S. capital outflow.
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a country has negative net capital outflows, then its net exports are
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negative and its saving is smaller than its domestic investment.
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if a country has a trade deficit
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it has negative net exports and negative net capital outflow.
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if there is a trade deficit, then
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saving is less than domestic investment and Y < C + I + G
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if Argentina's domestic investment exceeds national saving, then Argentina has
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negative net capital outflows and negative net exports.
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If the dollar appreciated relative to the British pound then, other things the same
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the dollar would buy more pounds. The appreciation would encourage you to buy more British goods and services.
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depreciation of the U.S. real exchange rate induces U.S. consumers to buy
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more domestic goods and fewer foreign goods
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short period of falling incomes and rising unemployment is called a
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recession
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2001, the United States was in recession. Which of the following things would you expect not to have happened?
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increased investment spending
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During a recession what would you expect?
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. increased layoffs and firings . a higher rate of bankruptcy . increased claims for unemployment insurance
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Most economists believe that after a few years, changes in the money supply change
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only nominal variables, but not real variables.
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The effect of an increase in the price level on aggregate demand is represented by a
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movement to the left along a given aggregate demand curve.
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The wealth effect, interest rate effect, and exchange rate effect are all explanations for
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the slope of the aggregate demand curve
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Other things the same, as the price level rises, exchange rates
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exports decrease, while imports increase.
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Suppose a stock market boom makes people feel wealthier. The increase in wealth would cause people to desire
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increased consumption, which shifts the aggregate demand curve right.
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The initial impact of an increase in an investment tax credit is to shift
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aggregate demand right.
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Other things the same, when the government spends more, the initial effect is t hat
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aggregate demand shifts right
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If countries that imported goods and services from the United States went into recession, we would expect that U.S. net exports would
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fall, making aggregate demand shift left.
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The long-run aggregate supply curve
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is vertical. is a graphical representation of the classical dichotomy. indicates monetary neutrality in the long run.
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The long-run aggregate supply curve shifts right if
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. immigration from abroad increases. . the capital stock increases. . technology advances
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Suppose a shift in aggregate demand creates an economic contraction. If policymakers can respond with sufficient speed and precision, they can offset the initial shift by shifting
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aggregate demand right.
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there is bad weather for farming or some other temporary decrease in the availability of raw materials
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output falls in the short run.
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If taxes increase
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consumption decreases, aggregate demand shifts left.
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If taxes decrease
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consumption increases, aggregate demand shifts right.
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Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Is
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the market value of all final goods & services produced within a country in a given period of time.
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Four components of GDP
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Consumption (C), Investment (I), Government, Purchases (G), Net Exports (NX)
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Which broker, if any, gave her incorrect advice?
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Broker C: "Stocks with greater risks offer lower average returns."
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Lucky Hardware Store considered building a store in a new location. The owners and their accountants decided that this was not the profitable thing to do. However, soon after they made this decision, both the interest rate and the cost of building the store changed. In which case do these changes both make it more likely that they will now build the store?
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Interest rates fall and the cost of building the store falls.
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David increases the number of companies in which he holds stocks.
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This reduces risk's standard deviation and firm-specific risk
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Abby buys health insurance because she knows that she has health risks that wouldn't be obvious to an insurance company. Brad buys home owners insurance and then is less careful to make sure he's put out his cigarettes. The example with Abby
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illustrates adverse selection; the example with Brad illustrates moral hazard.
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Other things the same, when the interest rate rises, the present value of future revenues from investment projects
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falls, so investment spending falls.
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Which of the following actions best illustrates moral hazard?
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A person purchases homeowners insurance and then checks his smoke detector batteries less frequently.
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The problem of moral hazard arises because
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after people buy insurance, they have less incentive to be careful about their risky behavior.
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Which of the following is the correct way to compute the future value of $100 put into an account that earns 4 percent interest for 10 years?
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$100(1 + .04)^10
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If you are convinced that stock prices are impossible to predict from available information, then you probably also believe that
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the stock market is informationally efficient.
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If Robert is risk-averse, then he will always
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choose not to play a game where he has a 50 percent chance of winning $1 and a 50 percent chance of losing $1
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Tami knows that people in her family die young, and so she buys life insurance. Preston knows he is a reckless driver and so he applies for automobile insurance.
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These are both examples of adverse selection.
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According to the efficient markets hypothesis, worse-than-expected news about a corporation will
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lower the price of the stock
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Whenever the price of an asset rises above what appears to be its fundamental value, the market is said to be experiencing a
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speculative bubble.
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Which of the following is correct?
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Index funds typically have a higher rate of return than managed funds. This tends to support the efficient market hypothesis.
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People who hold well-diversified portfolios of stocks have greatly reduced or eliminated
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firm-specific risk, but still they have reason to worry about their wealth decreasing as a result of recessions.
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Ben decided to increase the number of stocks in his portfolio. In doing so, Ben reduced
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the firm-specific risk, but not the market risk of his portfolio.
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Consider the following two situations. Nicole accepts a job where she will be driving in dangerous traffic, so she seeks auto insurance. After Braden buys health insurance, he visits the gym less frequently. Which of these person's actions illustrates moral hazard?
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Braden's but not Nicole's
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In the 1990s, Fed Chairperson Alan Greenspan questioned whether the stock market
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boom at that time reflected "irrational exuberance."
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People who are unemployed because of job search are best classified as
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frictionally unemployed.
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Consumers decide to ride bikes more and drive cars less. Bicycle companies expand production while automobile companies fire workers. This is an example of
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frictional unemployment created by sectoral shifts
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Who of the following is counted as unemployed by the BLS?
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someone on temporary layoff
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In the U.S., people are required to pay taxes on
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nominal interest earnings, irrespective of their real interest earnings.
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The velocity of money is
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the average number of times per year a dollar is spent.
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According to the classical dichotomy, when the money supply doubles, which of the following also doubles?
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the price level and nominal wages
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Interest rates adjusted for the effects of inflation
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are real variables; inflation is a nominal variable.
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The classical dichotomy refers to the idea that the supply of money
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determines nominal variables, but not real variables.
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Wealth is redistributed from debtors to creditors when inflation was expected to be
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high and it turns out to be low.
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The supply of money increases when
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the Fed makes open-market purchases.
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Suppose the price level rises, but the number of dollars you are paid per hour stays the same. This means that your
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real wage is lower.
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The principle of monetary neutrality implies that an increase in the money supply will
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increase the price level, but not real GDP.
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As the price level rises, the value of money
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decreases, so people want to hold more of it.
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The supply of money is determined by
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the Federal Reserve System
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ur boss gives you an increase in the number of dollars you earn per hour. This increase in pay makes
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your nominal wage increase. If your nominal wage rose by a greater percentage than the price level, then your real wage also increased.
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The price of a Honda Accord
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is a nominal variable and the price of a Honda Accord divided by the price of a Honda Civic is a real variable
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Most economists believe the principle of monetary neutrality is
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mostly relevant to the long run
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The Fisher effect says that
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the nominal interest rate adjusts one for one with the inflation rate.
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The source of hyperinflations is primarily
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ncreases in money-supply growth.
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When the money market is drawn with the value of money on the vertical axis, the money demand curve slopes
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downward, because at higher prices people want to hold more money.
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According to the assumptions of the quantity theory of money, if the money supply increases 5 percent, then
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the price level would rise by 5 percent and real GDP would be unchanged.
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The term hyperinflation refers to
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a period of very high inflation.
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The price level is a
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nominal variable.
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When the money market is drawn with the value of money on the vertical axis, an increase in the money supply shifts the money supply curve to the
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right, raising the price level.
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The value of money falls as the price level
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rises, because the number of dollars needed to buy a representative basket of goods rises
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Ava owns her own business. The Bureau of Labor Statistics counts Ava as
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employed and in the labor force.
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Matt is waiting to be recalled to a job from which he was laid off. David was fired but hasn't looked for work during the last two months. Who does the BLS count as unemployed?
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Matt but not David
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Which of the following does not create unemployment by keeping wages above the equilibrium level?
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job search
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If the natural rate of unemployment is 5.2 percent and the actual rate of unemployment is 5.7 percent, then by definition there is
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cyclical unemployment amounting to 0.5 percent of the labor force.
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Cyclical Unemployment equals
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Actual rate of unemployment - natural rate of unemployment
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If the minimum wage were currently above the equilibrium wage, then a decrease in the minimum wage that kept it above the equilibrium wage would
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reduce the surplus of labor.
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The BLS classifies people who would like to work but have given up looking for a job as
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out of the labor force. If they were classified as unemployed, the reported unemployment rate would be larger.
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Over the past several decades in the United States, the labor-force participation rate of women has
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increased and the labor-force participation rate of men has decreased.
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Which of the following is correct about unions?
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There is no consensus among economists about whether unions are good or bad for the economy.
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A typical American worker covered by unemployment insurance receives
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50 percent of his former wages for 26 weeks.
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Satchel loses his job and immediately begins looking for another. Other things the same, the unemployment rate
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increases and the labor-force participation rate is unaffected.
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Jill does not currently have a job, but has applied for several jobs in the previous week. Ken is an unpaid stay-at-home dad who has not searched for work in recent years. Who does the BLS count as out of the labor force?
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Ken but not Jill
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Unemployment insurance
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reduces search effort which raises unemployment.
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The theory of efficiency wages explains why
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it may be in the best interest of firms to offer wages that are above the equilibrium level.
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Mary worked part-time for her mother's business without pay. Larry was absent from work because he had the flu. Who is counted as employed by the BLS?
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both Marry and Larry
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Suppose that consumers choose to smoke less and chew gum more. Tobacco companies cut back on the number of people they employ while chewing gum manufacturers employ more. This is an example of
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frictional unemployment created by sectoral shifts.
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If the wage is kept above the equilibrium wage for any reason, the result is
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structural unemployment.
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Policies that reduce the time it takes unemployed workers to find new jobs
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can reduce both frictional unemployment and the natural rate of unemployment.
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Unemployment that results because the number of jobs available in some labor markets may be insufficient to give a job to everyone who wants one is called
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structural unemployment.
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Policymakers who control monetary and fiscal policy and want to offset the effects on output of an economic contraction caused by a shift in aggregate supply could use policy to shift
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aggregate demand to the right.
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When taxes increase, consumption
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decreases as shown by a shift of the aggregate demand curve to the left.
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When the money supply decreases
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interest rates rise and so aggregate demand shifts left.
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The effect of an increase in the price level on the aggregate-demand curve is represented by a
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movement to the left along a given aggregate-demand curve.
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The initial impact of the repeal of an investment tax credit is to shift
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aggregate demand left.
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Financial Crisis Suppose that banks are less able to raise funds and so lend less. Consequently, because people and households are less able to borrow, they spend less at any given price level than they would otherwise. The crisis is persistent so lending should remain depressed for some time. Refer to Financial Crisis. What happens to the price level and real GDP in the short run?
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both the price level and real GDP fall
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In the short-run an increase in the costs of production makes
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output fall and prices rise.
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In the context of the aggregate-demand curve, the interest-rate effect refers to the idea that, when the price level increases,
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households increase their holdings of money; in turn, interest rates increase, which reduces spending on investment goods.
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In 2009 Congress passed legislation providing states with funds to build roads and bridges. It also instituted tax cuts. Which of these shifts aggregate demand right?
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both the increased funding for states and the tax cuts
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An economic contraction caused by a shift in aggregate demand causes prices to
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fall in the short run, and fall even more in the long run.
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During a recession the economy experiences
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falling employment and income.
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A decrease in the expected price level shifts short-run aggregate supply to the
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right, and an increase in the actual price level does not shift short-run aggregate supply.
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If aggregate demand shifts left, then in the short run
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the price and real GDP both fall.
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In the context of the aggregate-demand curve, the exchange-rate effect refers to the idea that, other things the same, an increase in the price level causes the interest rate to
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increase, the dollar to appreciate, and net exports to decrease.
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Which of the following would cause stagflation?
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aggregate supply shifts left
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In the context of aggregate demand and aggregate supply, the wealth effect refers to the idea that, when the price level decreases, the real wealth of households
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increases and as a result consumption spending increases. This effect contributes to the downward slope of the aggregate-demand curve.
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Aggregate demand shifts left when the government
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cuts military expenditures.
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Suppose a fall in stock prices makes people feel poorer. The decrease in wealth would induce people to
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decrease consumption, shown by shifting the aggregate-demand curve to the left.
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Which of the following shifts short-run aggregate supply right?
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a decrease in the price of oil
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In 2001, the United States was in recession. Which of the following things would you not expect to have happened?
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increased investment spending
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According to the aggregate demand and aggregate supply model, in the long run an increase in the money supply leads to
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an increase in the price level but does not change real GDP.
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