Lower Respiratory Infections – Flashcards
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Unlock answers| Inflammation of the bronchii |
| Bronchitis |
| Inflammation of the bronchioles |
| Bronchiolitis |
| Infection of lung tissue and alveoli |
| Pneumonia |
| Two very commonly acquired bacterial sources of pneumonia from hospitals. |
P. aeruginosa K.pneumoniae
Untreated mortality is 30% |
| Common clinical symptoms of typical pneumonia |
Sudden onset Chest pain Fever Chills
MOST IMPORTANT: Productive cough |
| The antibiotic that Streptococcus pneumoniae is sensitive to on an agar plate. |
| Optochin |
This enzyme is produced by S. pneumoniae and is released upon rupture of the cell. It destroys neignboring cells causing lots of damage.
This enzyme is aided in its release by autolysins which destroy terminally injured S. pneumoniae |
| pneumolysin (lyses lung endothelial cells) |
| This bacteria is the leading cause of otitis media, meningitis and is accountable for 80% of pneumococcal pneumonia. |
| S. pneumoniae |
| This typical type of pneumonia typically presents with bloody or rust colored sputum and causes the patient to have spells of severe shaking and chills. |
| Pneumococcal pneumonia NOT pathognomonic! |
| This vaccine conjugate protects against S. pneumoniae infection. |
| PrevnarTM PCV7 |
| Why is the testing of a pleural effusion necessary to confirm diagnosis for S. pneumoniae? |
| 30-70% of the population has this bacteria as part of their normal flora in their URT. |
This bacteria causes typical pneumonia often after a viral URI and presents with abscesses visible in a chest X-ray (necrotizing pneumonia).
What are the risk factors for this type of pneumonia? |
S. aureus infection of lower respiratory tract.
Risks: IV drug users, debilitated individuals |
| This bacteria is a gram negative cocco-bacilli facultative anarobe that is oxidase positive. It requires NAD and hemin (factor X) for growth on a chocolate agar plate. Its' nonencapsulated form is part of normal respiratory flora. |
| Haemophilus influenzae (type B is most virulent) |
| This bacteria genus has a polyribose capsule which differentiates it from other types of bacteria. |
| Haemophilus |
| This vaccine protects against infection of H. influenzae. |
| Hib vaccine conjugate |
| This gram negative bacteria is aerobic, non-motile and is often found in contaminated water sources. ;It is highly resistant to numerous antibiotics and is found usually in hospitals. |
| Acinetobacter baumannii |
| This gram negative bacteria is aerobic, motile and oxidase positive. ;Some strains produce pyocyanin (green pigment) and have a grape like odor in culture. ;It is opportunistic and usually requires a large break in first line defenses (burns, urinary tract, etc.) |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| This is a protective "layer" protecting pseudominas aeruginosa. |
| Alginate (extracellular slime layer) |
| This toxin ADP ribosylates elongation factor 2 causing cell death due to a lack of translation but does not have any systemic effects. |
| Exotoxin A |
This toxin ADP ribosylates elongation factor 2 causing cell death due to a lack of translation and has systemic effects. |
| diphtheria;toxin |
| This enzyme inactivates IgA, IgG and several complement components. ;It targets elastin in lungs and BVs. ;Produced by P. aeruginosa |
| Elastase |
| This gram negative bacilli is oxidase negative, non-motile, and ferments lactose on MacConkey agar. ;It has a thick polysaccharide capsule and produces LPS. |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae |
| pneumonia caused by this bacteria often causes the production of a thick, bloody sputum (jelly like) and presents abscesses in a chest X-ray. |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae |
| This gram negative bacilli is oxidase negative, ferments lactose on MacConkey agar, (may be negative), may present red pigmented colonies and is commonly found in environmental water sources. |
| Serratia marcencens |
| This type of pneumonia is gradual and causes dry, hacking coughs. ;The coughs are non-productive and there is a streaky;infiltrate;on a chest X-ray. |
| Atypical pneumonia |
| This bacteria is the most common cause of atypical pneumonia and is the smallest free living bacteria known to man. ;Its genus has a sterol cell wall instead of a peptidoglycan wall; making penicillin totally ineffective. |
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
| This is a damaging product of M.;pneumoniae;that causes cell damage/death. |
| H2O2 |
This bacteria replicates slowly and has a "fried egg" appearance of colonies. ;It also requires cholesterol in order to grow. ; IgM antibodies produced against this bacteria can cross react with RBCs forming cold agglutinins (I antigen of RBCs). ;Can cause hemolytic anemia. |
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
These bacteria are intracellular parasites that utilize the host's ATP. They have an elementary body form which is infectious and a reticulate body form for production. They have a genus specific lipopolysaccharide that is antigenic.
Form inclusion bodies. |
| Genus: Chlamydia |
| This chlamydia species is isolated to humans and causes atypical pneumonia, pharyngitis and/or otitis media. |
| Chlamydia pneumoniae |
| This bacteria is a normal host of birds but can infect humans by inhalation. Causes psittacosis (atypical pneumonia) characterized by fever (very high!), headache, and a dry non-productive cough. Can see liver and spleenomegaly. Can also lead into meningitis or encephalitis. |
| Chlamydia psittaci |
| This gram negative bacilli is motile, facultative and intracellular. It requires L-cysteine and iron from its host for survival. It inhibits the phagosome-lysosome fusion of macrophages to survive within its host. |
| Legionella pneumonophilia |
| This bacteria commonly causes pontiac fever but can also cause a more severe pneumonia known as Legionnaire's disease |
| Legionella pneumophilia |
| This disease is best described clinically for its severe atypical pneumonia AND GI problems (nausea, diarrhea, etc.) |
| legionnaire's disease |
| This bacteria genus can form spores, is non-motile, non-hemolytic and is a normal pathogen of herbivores. This specific species has a 3 component plasmid encoded exotoxin system (PA EF and LF) |
Bacillus.
Bacillus anthracis |
| This disease has a week long incubation followed by fever, chest pain, myalgia, cough and fatigue. Progresses to hemorrhagic lymphadenopathy. Can cause death in an untreated individual within 24 to 36 hours. A chest X-ray shows a widened mediastinum with or without a bloody pleural effusion. 50% of patients with this disease also have hemorrhagic meningitis. |
| Pulminary (inhalational) Anthrax |
Why can't members of the genus mycobacteria;be stained via the gram stain? ; How can this be overcome? |
Mycolic acid of cell wall prevents stain entry. ; Heat the colonies before staining; this allows the dye (not gram dye) to enter the cell and stain it. |
A bacteria from a sample only grows at 37C and can grown on Lowenstein-Hensen selective enriched media. ;The colonies are granular in appearance (breadcrumbs). ; Can be;eradicated;via heating at 62C for 30 mins. (pasteurization) |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| What are the pathogenic factors of M. tuberculosis? |
1. Can multiply in macrophages. 2. Hydrophobic lipid surface allows survival outside of the body and protects against some antibiotics. ; Disease presentation is mostly due to immune response. |
| What are the 3 important cell wall lipids of M. tuberculosis? |
1. Sulfolipids (inhibit lysosome/phagosome fusion). 2. Chord factor (inhibits neutrophil migration). 3. wax D (forms granulomatous lesions called "tubercles"; the hallmark of M. tuberculosis infection) |
| This is formed by the accumulation of fibroblasts, collagen and tubercle creation in TB asymptomatic primary infection. |
| Ghon complex |
| This TB test mixes a patients blood with TB antigens and measures gamma IFN release. ;It is much quicker than the Mantoux test |
| Quantiferon test |
| This is required to definitively diagnose TB even though it takes quite a while. |
| + Culture of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. |
| What is a problem with the treatment of TB? |
| First line drugs (Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, streptomycin) require a long treatment period (6-9 months). ;Problem with patient compliance. ;This is leading rapidly to resistance. |
| Mycobacterium infection attained from drinking contaminated,;unpasteurized;milk. |
| Mycobacterium bovis |
The 2 mycobacterium that make up the Mycobacterium avium Complex (MAC). ; What can they cause? |
M. Avium M. intracellulare ; Can cause disseminated disease in AIDS patients. |
| This bacteria is gram negative, encapsulated and requires NAD for growth. ;Requires 3-7 days to show colonies. |
| Bordetella pertussis |
| What is a major reason for the recent increase in the incidence of pertussis? |
| Removal of pertussis portion of DTaP vaccination. ;Has recently been re-introduced in a lower dosage (DTap) |
| This toxin ADP-ribosylates G proteins, blocking adenylate cyclase activity and disrupting cellular signaling. ;Causes cell death. |
| Pertussis toxin. |
This is a highly contagious disease that is very severe in infants. ;It is characterized by the progressive destruction of ciliated cells, local injury, and a violent onset of coughing. ; What is this disease? ; What are its 3 stages? |
Whooping cough (Pertussis) ; 1. Catarrhal 2. Paroxysmal (paroxysms of coughing which can cause cyanosis). 3. Convalescence (secondary infections common). |
