Love Sex & Relationships Midterm – Flashcards
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Our biological maleness or femaleness is called ___, whereas the psychosocial concept of our maleness or femaleness is called___.
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sex; gender
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Two aspects of our biological sex are
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genetic sex and anatomical sex
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Which of the following did Mead report as occurring in the Tchambuli society of New Guinea? a. men are aggressive and dominant; women are passive and nurturing b. women are aggressive and dominant; men are passive and nurturing c. both men and women are aggressive and controlling d. both men and women are androgynous
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b. women are aggressive and dominant; men are passive and nurturing
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When his older sister teases him, nine-year-old Tyrone does not cry because he has learned that boys are not supposed to cry. This exemplifies the concept of
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gender roles
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Under normal circumstances, if a sperm carrying an ___ sex chromosome fertilizes an egg carrying an ___ sex chromosome, a male fetus is produced.
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Y; X
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What is the chronological sequence of normal prenatal differentiation?
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chromosomal sex, gonadal sex, hormonal sex, sex of the internal reproductive structures, sex of the external genitals, sex differentiation of the brain
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The original mass of sexual tissue begins to differentiate into male or female gonads approximately ___ weeks.
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6
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The right hemisphere of the brain is more specialized for
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spatial tasks
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In Turner's Syndrome, the chromosome combination is ___, while in Klinefelter's Syndrome the combination is ___.
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XO; XXY
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DHT is a hormone that is necessary for the development of the
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male external gentials
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Most children have developed a firm sense of being a boy or a girl by ___ years.
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3
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Another term for transsexualism is
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gender dysphoria
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A ___ crossdresses for sexual arousal, while a ___ crossdresses in order to feel comfortable and congruent.
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transvestite; transsexual
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The majority of transsexuals would describe their sexual orientation as
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heterosexual
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Most transsexuals first begin identifying with the other sex
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in early childhood
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gender identity vs gender role
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gender identity is how one identifies themselves (female) gender roles are what is considered "normal and appropriate within the culture" (men go to work, females clean the house)
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characteristics of Turner's Syndrome
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short female that looks like a male low hairline stocky ovaries usually absent no menstruation neck fold
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characteristics of Klinefelter's Syndrome
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tall male with breasts and female characteristics feminised characteristics undersized penis testes
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define intersexed
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hermaphrodite possessing male and female genitals
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define transgendered
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appearance and/or behavior does not conform to traditional gender roles
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define transsexual
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cross gender
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define transvestite
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cross dressing for purpose of sexual arousal
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Aside from the obvious physical differences, what are the differences in hormone levels, brain physiology and physical development between males and females by the age of 8 years?
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boys have more testosterone than girls, they also have bigger brains girls have much less testosterone than boys, they have lots of estrogen, the hemispheres of the brain are more closely bounded together
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Vulva refers to
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the female external genital structures
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Which of the following statements regarding the mons veneris is false?
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due to the absence of nerve endings, it is relatively insensitive to touch
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The labia majora
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surrounds the labia minora
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Which of the following statements regarding the clitoris is false?
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it is located within the introitus
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The cavernous bodies, or spongy structures are located in the
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shaft of the penis
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Which of the following would have the fewest number of nerve endings?
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the inner two-thirds of the vagina why? childbirth
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Each of the following is a function of vaginal lubrication except it
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helps to make the vaginal environment more acidic
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Which of the following statements regarding normal vaginal secretions is false?
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they are normally rather alkaline in nature
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The penis consists primarily of
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spongy tissue
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All of the following are a part of internal male sexual anatomy except a. prostate gland b. seminal vesicles c. epididymis d. frenulum
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frenulum
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Kegel exercises
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strengthen the muscles usually only contracted during ejaculation
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What course does a sperm cell follow on its way to the exterior body of the male?
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tests, epididymis, vas deferns, seminal vesicles, urethra
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The major portion of seminal fluid comes from the
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seminal vesicles
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The ___ is located at the base of the bladder and secretes about 30 percent of the seminal fluid released during ejaculation
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prostate gland
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Sperm comprise approximately ___ percent of total semen volume.
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1%
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The two types of celibacy are ___ and ___.
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partial; complete
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All of the following are cited as reasons for why a person may choose celibacy except
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to avoid physical as well as emotional intimacy with a spouse
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Nocturnal orgasms is another term for
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"wet dreams"
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Nocturnal orgasms are experiences by
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men and women
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The most commonly reported purpose of sexual fantasy during intercourse for both men and women was
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to facilitate sexual arousal
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Among college students, the most threatening fantasy a partner could have was about
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sex with a mutual friend or classmate
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What most closely corresponds to Freud's view of masturbation?
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Masturbation is normal during childhood, but if continued into adulthood, could result in the inability to form good sexual relationships
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A classic study (Harlow and Harlow) demonstrated that when baby monkeys were denied physical contact with their mothers,...
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they grew up to be extremely maladjusted
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Which of the following is the most relevant form of sexual behavior between homosexual men? a. fellatio b. manual stimulation c. tribadism d. anal intercourse
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a. fellatio
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Based on research, if a child is rarely touches and held during the first few months and years of life, how would this be most likely to affect his or her behavior as an adult?
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The person would be more likely to have difficulty establishing intimate relationships
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Recent studies have revealed that the age of first adolescent coitus
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is occurring earlier
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All of the following were cited as factors contributing to the high incidence of STDs except
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unreliability of latex condoms
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What parts of the anatomy are included in vuvla?
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external female genitalia
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Where is the vestibule?
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vagina
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What does the vestibule contain?
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vaginal and urethra opening
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How many layers are in the female vagina?
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3
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What are the two functions of the mucosa layer?
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lubrication and production of pH levels
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What is an ectopic pregnancy?
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fertilized egg planted in fallopian tube
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How many immature ova is a female baby born with?
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472,000
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How many are destined for maturity over a lifetime?
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only 400
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What is menopause? What symptoms are associated with menopause in women?
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change from fertility to infertility, occurs due to lowering estrogen levels symptoms: hot flashes or warm spells, night sweats, interrupted sleep, headaches, poor concentration, depression, anxiety, lower libido
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Under what circumstances, may amenorrhea occur?
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fertile female stop menstruating, extreme stress, weight loss, excessive exercise, malnutrition
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Name the three cylinders of the penis
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cavernous bodies penile urethra spongy body
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What is the composition of ejaculatory fluid?
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sperm seminal vesicles prostate
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When do males begin to produce sperm?
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puberty
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How many sperm on average in male ejaculation?
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200-500 million
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What factors affect the sperm count of the male?
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Time since last ejaculation, age of male, duration of arousal before ejaculation
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Where on the body is the frenulum?
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underside of the penis, 2 cm long
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What is the function of the Cowper's gland?
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This fluid is alkaline and and helps buffer the acidity of the urethra, 'pre-cum'
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Name the hormone responsible for sex drive in males and females.
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androgen and estrogen
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Do males and females have the same level of this hormone?
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no, both produce it though Clear causal relationship between the levels of circulating testosterone and desire, genital sensitivity and frequency of sexual activit
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What is the function of the cura, penile urethra, and spongy body in the penis?
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during sexual arousal the spongy body may stand out as a distinct ridge along the underside of the penis, skin covering the penile shaft is usually hairless and quite lose to allow for expansion as the penis becomes erect
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Efforts to control contraception began
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at least as far back as recorded history
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Birth control pills were first available in Australia in what year?
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1960
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Contraceptive failure is more likely among those who a. are uncomfortable with their sexuality b. are under 30 c. have lower incomes d. all of the above are true
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d. all of the above are tru
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Hormone-based contraceptives can work in all of the following ways except
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constricting the fallopian tubes to block passage of the fertilized egg
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The vaginal ring works by
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slowly releasing hormones into the bloodstream
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There is less chance of a condom breaking if it is ___
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lubricated
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The diaphragm should remain in the vagina for at least ___ following intercourse, but not more than ___.
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6 hours; 24 hours
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Which of the following methods of birth control would a woman with a history of pelvic inflammation disease definitely want to avoid
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IUD
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Immediately prior to ovulation, the basal body temperature
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drops slightly
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Most causes of male infertility are related to abnormalities in sperm ___ and number.
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motility
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All of the following affects male fertility except a. smoking b. low percentage of body fat c. alcohol abuse d. environmental toxins
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b. low percentage of body fat
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For in vitro fertilization (IVF)...
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a woman's eggs are removed and fertilized in the lab by her partners sperm and then introduced into her uterus
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One of the side effects of medications used to stimulate ovulation is
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multiple births
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Name as many modern forms of contraception as you can
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condoms, birth control, IUD, shot, diaphragm, dental dam, cervical shot
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What is the name of the Law prohibiting the dissemination of information about contraception? What impact did these laws have? Why?
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Comstock Law 1817 lead to more abortions, and women terminating the pregnancy by themselves
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When was the female oral contraceptive introduced? What impact did this have on the USA and Australia? What restrictions were initially placed on contraceptive use?
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1960 USA, late 60's Australia, there were less accidental pregnancies, STD's increased sexual revolution
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How does the combined oral contraceptive pill work? Three mechanisms of action..
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preventing ovulation preventing implantation of an embryo preventing sperm from reaching the ovum
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How does the vasectomy prevent pregnancy?
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A vasectomy involves the cutting and closing or clamping of the vas deferens, preventing sperm from exeting during ejaculation
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What are the three classes of sexually transmitted infections?
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Bacterial Infections Viral Infections Ectoparasitic Infections
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Name 2 examples for each class of infection. List the major symptoms for your examples.
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Bacterial: Chlamydia ; Gonorrhea Viral: Herpes ; Genital Warts Ectoparasitic: Public lice ; Scabies
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Chlamydia symptoms
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women: pelvic pain, heavy/painful periods, pain during sex, bleeding b/w periods or after having sex, may be asymptomatic, frequent and or burning during urination men: discharge from the penis, burning or pain when urinating, itching or irritation around the opening of the penis, pain or soreness in the testes, may be asymptomatic
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Gonorrhea symptoms
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women: 80% no early symptoms, yellow-green discharge, irritation of the vulva men: discharge, burning sensation, swelling of testes
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Herpes symptoms
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painful, red bumps develop into blisters that rupture and form sores, swollen lymph nodes, headache, fever, muscle aches
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Genital Wart symptoms
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moist, soft warts or dry, yellow-gray, hard warts, majority of people have no symptoms
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Public Lice symptoms
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minimal to severe itchiness, require medical intervention and treatment, highly contagious
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Scabies symptoms
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small, pimple like bumps; red rash around primary lesion, intense itchiness, especially at night, paraistic mites irritate the skin and require medical treatment to resolve effectively
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3 layers of uterus
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perimetrium myometrium endometrium
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3 cylinders of penis
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cavernous bodies penile urethra spongy body
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cerebral cortex
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fantasy, reasoning, imagination, language
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sub cortical level
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limbic system, associated with emotion and motivation, is important in human sexual function
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key LS structures
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cingulate gyrus, portions of the hypothalamus, amygdala, and the hippocampus
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Where is MPOA located in the brain and what is its function
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hypothalamus, electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus produces sexual arousal, increases sexual bahavior
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what does MPOA stand for
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medial preoptic area
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dopamine
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induces neural activity in MPOA-facilitates sexual arousal in many species
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in contrast, serotonin appears to
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inhibit sexual activity, suppresses arousal by inhibiting the release of oxytocin
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arousal, attraction and sexual response are also influenced by ___ hormones; where are they produced
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neuropeptide hormones; brain
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one of the most important neuropeptide hormone? "love/cuddle hormone"
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oxytocin
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aphrodisiacs
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substances that are supposed to arouse sexual desire or increase a persons capacity for sexual activities
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examples of aphrodisiacs
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oysters, bananas, asparagus, cucumbers, tomato, ginseng, root and potatoes, ground rhino horns
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anaphrodisiacs
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opiate drugs, antidepressants, nicotine, birth control pills, sedatives, appetite suppressants, steroids, alcohol
