lifespan development chapter 7: Language Development – Flashcards
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language
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systematic, meaningful arrangement of symbols, provides basis for communication
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phonology
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basic sounds of language, phonemes, combined to produce words & sentences
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morphemes
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smallest unit of language
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semantics
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rules governing meaning of words/sentences
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comprehension
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understanding
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production
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use
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prelinguistic communication
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sounds, facial expression, gestures, imitation
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babbling
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2-3 months to 1 years, meaningless sounds
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under extension
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using words too restrictively
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overextension
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words used too broadly (Piaget)
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holophrases
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prelinguistic use of single word to express idea ex: ball, identify or asking for it
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telegraphic
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two-word speech ex: mom dress, "that is mom dress"
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syntax
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combo of word/phrases to form sentence
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Preschool years
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sentence length increases syntax doubles fast mapping
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Fast mapping
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- new words associated w/ new meanings after a brief encounter - use of articles - employ past tense
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Pragmatics
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communicating effectively and appropriately w/ others - turn taking - sticking to a topic - what should and shouldn't be said
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private speech
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speech by children spoken and directed to themselves - serves important social function
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social speech
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before age 3, children speak only for their own
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middle childhood
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- vocal increases - mastery of grammar - understanding of syntax - increase meta-linguistic awareness
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Metalinguistic awareness
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increase understanding of OWN language 5-6= lan gov by set of rule 7-8= realize that miscomm may be due to other people
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language promotes
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self-control
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Learning Theory Approaches
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language as a learned skill - reinforcement and conditioning - children learn to speak by being rewarded for making sounds that approximate speech
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Nativist Approaches (innate skill)
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genetically determined, innate mechanism that directs the development of language - universal grammar - world's language share a similar underlying structure - LAD - language-acquisition device
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Interactionist Approaches
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language as a social device - combination of genetically-determined predispositions and environmental circumstances
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Thought & Language
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they influence each other
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Infant-Directed Speech
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short, simple, higher pitch
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boy infants
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firm, clear, direct
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girls infants
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shorter, warm phrases
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Poverty and Language development (Hart and Risely 1995)
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the greater the affluent of the parent the more they speak to the child
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Bilingual Education
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greater cognitive flexibility metalinguistic awareness - higher I.Q
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What term refers to the basic sounds of language that can be combined to produce words and sentences?
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Phonemes
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What is the name for the rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences?
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Semantics
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If a baby is making speech-like but meaningless sounds, this is a universal phenomenon called
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Babbling
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A baby's first words usually come in the form of _________________, which are one-word utterances that stand for a whole phrase, whose meaning depends on the particular context in which they are used.
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holophrases
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By the age of two, most children can use two-word sentences and _____________ speech where non-critical words of a sentence are left out.
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telegraphic
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The term used for the overly restrictive use of words, common among children just mastering spoken language, is called ________________.
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under-extension
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What is the term for the aspect of language that relates to communicating effectively and appropriately with others?
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pragmatics
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When young children are using speech that is spoken and directed to themselves, this is called
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private speech
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What is the term for speech directed toward another person and meant to be understood by that person?
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social speech
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What is the term for an understanding of one's own use of language?
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Metalinguistic awareness
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Alexander is 6-years-old, and although he pronounces most words clearly, he has difficulty pronouncing "j," "v," "th," and "zh" sounds, which are examples of
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phonemes.
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What is the term for the smallest language unit that has meaning?
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Morpheme
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Baby Todd's mother notices that he makes a variety of sounds including cooing, crying, gurgling, and murmuring, along with facial expressions, gestures, imitation, and other nonlinguistic means. Baby Todd is demonstrating
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prelinguistic communication
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Baby Allison is in her high chair while her father prepares her dinner. Baby Allison tries to get her father's attention by saying "eat" and "cookie," and this would be an example of
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holophrases
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When Baby Sarah is riding in the car with her parents, she occasionally points at passing vehicles and calls out "see cars," even though some of the vehicles are buses and trucks. This is an example of __________ speech.
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overextension
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What term refers to the way in which an individual combines words and phrases to form sentences?
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syntax
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What is the term for instances in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter?
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fast mapping
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When middle-school-age children become more competent with the rules governing the use of language to communicate in a given social setting, they are demonstrating knowledge of
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pragmatics
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Almost every time Baby Will articulates the word "da," his father picks him up with joy, smiles, and praises his son for trying to say "dad." The father's behavior reinforces Will's behavior, and this is an example of
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the learning theory approach
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Which theory of language acquisition combines several schools of thought to hypothesize that language development is produced through a combination of genetic predispositions and environmental circumstances that help teach language?
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Interactionist perspective
