Lifespan Development- Chapter 13 – Flashcards

Have you ever seen a beaming child proudly display a colorful logo-embroidered t-shirt as a prize from a recent family trip? There is a good chance that the shirt was sewn by child laborers who will never be able to afford such fun trips, new clothes, or vacation souvenirs (Independent Media Center, 2002). Every year, the trafficking and labor of children produces $10 billion worth of trade. It is endemic in desperately poor areas of the world. In countries where parents cannot afford to feed their families, selling a child's labor to someone who can teach a trade and possibly send the child to school seems more reasonable than keeping children at home to starve. In other instances, children are orphaned or lured from desperate situations by the promise of opportunities and education in faraway cities. Often these promises are merely a marketing tool. Instead, children are crushed by the futility of their situation and the danger of their tasks. They find themselves far from home and often beaten or frightened into submission (LaFranier, 2006).

Nearly two-thirds of child workers — an estimated 171 million children or one in eight children ages 5 to 14 — labor in hazardous or harmful jobs, such as working in mines, with chemicals and pesticides in agriculture, or with dangerous machinery (Global Fund for Children, 2002). Millions of girls who work as domestic servants are especially vulnerable to exploitation and abuse. An estimated 1.2 million children are trafficked; 5.7 million are forced into debt bondage or other forms of slavery; 1.8 million are lured into prostitution and pornography; 0.3 million end up participating in armed conflict; 0.6 are involved in other illicit activities. However, the vast majority of child laborers —70% or more — work in agriculture. These young workers are everywhere but largely out of the world's eye or consciousness (UNICEF, 2007).

Psychologist Erik Erikson described the physical, emotional, and psychological stages of development along with related specific issues, or developmental work, for each stage. By the age of five, which is the point at which statistics on child workers are first collected, most children enter into the initiative versus guilt stage. Children who master the crises of this stage exhibit initiative. This helps them to respond positively to the world's challenges, learn new skills, and feel purposeful. Initiative is best achieved through play. Yet, for many child laborers, there is little time for childhood play in the adult world of work. Failure to meet the challenges of this stage may result in inhibition wherein striving and trying, and even dreaming of a better future, disappears.

resilience:

Millions of children worldwide have never known a day of peace. There have been more than 150 wars fought since World War II. In 2000, there were approximately thirty conflicts in different parts of the world (Raymond & Raymond, 2000), and every new year brings potential for new conflicts to arise. If they survive, children of war are often left orphaned, separated from family, homeless, abandoned, and physically and psychologically injured in horrific ways. Children of war are also soldiers. Since 2001, the participation of child soldiers has been reported in 21 ongoing or recent armed conflicts in almost every region of the globe. Although there are no exact figures, hundreds of thousands of children under the age of 18 serve in government forces or armed rebel groups. Some are as young as eight years of age (Human Rights Watch, 2007).

Decades of drug trafficking and guerilla warfare have made Colombia one of the most violent countries in the world. In Colombia today, as many as 14,000 male and female children are used to fight in the 40-year-old conflict among government forces and allied paramilitaries against the armed groups that oppose them (Child Soldiers Global Report, 2004). Guerillas name their child combatants "little bees" because the children sting the enemy without warning. Paramilitaries label them "little bells" because child soldiers are often deployed in forward positions to disarm or discover land mines, to warn adults of an early attack, or to draw fire from an enemy (Human Rights Watch, 2007). Some children are forcibly recruited, sometimes in large numbers, while others enlist voluntarily as a means of survival after family, social, and economic structures have collapsed. Many join because of poverty, unemployment, lack of access to education, or as an escape from domestic violence, abuse, or exploitation. In 2004, the Colombian military is reported to have used children as young as five years of age as informants. In programs such as "Soldier For a Day," youngsters visit a local military base where they can dress up and play soldier while being fed pro-military propaganda.

Clearly, the teenage leaders of the Children's Crusade for Peace are extraordinary. Developmentally predictable changes in thinking may have aided them as they undertook their journey. One of the most prominent aspects of adolescent thought is the capacity to think of possibility rather than simply reality. This is known as hypothetical-deductive thought. Some teenagers are able to imagine how things "could be, would be, or should be in a world where justice is realized and the sanctity of human life is recognized" (Berger, 2005).

School-age children tend to be aware of their classmates' opinions, judgments, and accomplishments. This development enables school-age children to engage in:

The ability to regulate one's emotions and actions through effort is referred to as:

Freud referred to middle childhood as the _____ stage.

Being _____ and not prideful is an expectation in many cultures.

Children between the ages 6 and 11 who complete more homework assignments and take care of their pets are exhibiting:

According to the text, _____ involvement particularly helps African-American children in communities rife with social stress and racial prejudice.

According to Erikson, if 8-year-old Kristina does NOT solve her psychosocial conflict of stage four, she will come to view herself as:

_____ is the capacity to develop optimally by adapting positively to significant adversity.

Eleven-year-old Randy struggles with reading and has a slight stuttering problem. Some of his classmates are critical and make fun of his stuttering. This has caused Randy to feel embarrassed and to refuse to read aloud in class. He tells his parents that he cannot read and will not try. According to Erikson if Randy does not solve his psychosocial conflict of stage four, he will view himself as _____.

Which of the following is true of resilience?

Warren is a middle school student. According to the text, Warren's self-concept, like other middle school students, is no longer tied to his parents' _____.

A 7-year-old who takes care of his dog and cat exhibits psychosocial _____.

Nine-year-old Jonathan struggles with reading and has a slight stuttering problem. Some of his classmates are critical and make fun of his stuttering. This has caused Jonathan to feel embarrassed and to refuse to read aloud in class. He tells his parents that he cannot read and will not try. According to Erikson if Jonathan does not solve his psychosocial conflict of stage four, he will view himself as:

Between ages 6 and 11, children show psychosocial maturation by their ability to do all of the following EXCEPT:

During middle school, a child's self-concept:

According to the text, Japanese culture:

The way in which a family works to meet the needs of its members is referred to as:

Family stability typically refers to

People who are rejected by peers because of antagonistic, confrontational behavior are referred to as:

A crucial factor necessary for school-age children to thrive is harmony and _____ in the home.

The term for the particular habits, styles, and values that reflect the set of rules and rituals that characterize children as distinct from adult society is:

In general, _____ function best, with children tending to achieve in school with fewer psychological problems.

A key word in the definition of bullying is:

The _____ model examines crucial questions about the effect of risk factors (poverty, divorce, job loss) on the family.

Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person is the definition of:

Schools and _____ are the two main factors that really influence what, and how much, children learn.

Children who are aggressive-rejected or _____-rejected tend to misinterpret social situations.

Christi is a single mother with two children. She fills many roles as a single parent EXCEPT:

Older children tend to choose best friends:

According to the text, the most important overall family function is to provide:

Research on the temperaments of identical twins supports the finding that:

Family _____ refers to the legal and genetic relationships of related people living together, and family function refers to the way a family works to care for its members.

Children who move and change neighborhoods in middle childhood:

A characteristic of the culture of children is that:

According to the text, being forced to hand over lunch money, being laughed at and insulted, or being forced to drink milk mixed with dirt would be categorized as:

Postconventional moral reasoning focuses on _____ principles.

_____ operational cognition gives children the ability to observe and use logic, and propels them to think about morality.

The crucial factor in determining what stage of moral reasoning a person is at is the reasons for his or her answers to questions about a moral dilemma, according to _____.

According to the text, most everyone tends to endorse the morals of _____, especially if their religious leaders guide them in that direction.

Kohlberg's second level of moral reasoning emphasizes:

A group of 6- to 11-year-olds spent summer camp together. Even though each child came from different counties and had different interests, by the end of the camp they valued:

Kohlberg failed to study moral reasoning in _____ when he conducted his research on children's development of moral reasoning.

Paul is a 9-year-old student. What common value is important to Paul and his friends that are his same age?

Kohlberg's stage three of level two (conventional moral reasoning) is also known as "good _____" and "nice _____."

According to the text, a common _____ that is important to 6- to 11-year-olds is they do not tell adults what is happening in their lives.

Caring for family members is much more important to people in some cultures than in others, which might make them avoid postconventional actions even as they are acting according to the highest morals of their society. This is an example of the criticism directed at _____ for not taking cultural or gender differences into account.

Why do 11-year-old boys and girls seem to dress alike at school or in their neighborhood?

A negative aspect of _____ approach is that he did not seem to recognize that although children's moral values differ from those of adults, they may be equally valid and strong.

Eleven-year-old Timmy has been taught by his parents that stealing is wrong. But when his best friend Jason asked him to help steal some candy from another student's desk he agreed to do so. This is an example the morality of _____ overruling the morality endorsed by _____.

Kohlberg's findings indicate that _____ reasoning is not usually present until adolescence or adulthood.

According to the text, many lines of research have shown that children develop their own morality, guided by all of the following EXCEPT:

_____ is credited with beginning much of the developmental research on children's moral thinking with descriptions of the rules used by children as they play.

Peers, _____, and culture guide the development of morality in children, according to research.

Christopher, a middle-school child, exhibits empathy and intellectual maturity. This is considered an influence on a middle-school child's sense of _____, according to Kohlberg.

According to Kohlberg, intellectual maturation advances _____ thinking.