question

Science of human development

answer

Seeks to understand how and why all people, everywhere, of every age, change or remain the same over time.

question

Empirical

answer

The science is based on observation and experimentation, rather than theory alone.

question

The Scientific Method

answer

A way to answer questions that requires empirical research and databased conclusions.

question

The five basic steps of Scientific Method

answer

1. Pose a research question. 2. Develop a hypothesis. 3. Test the hypothesis. 4. Draw conclusions. 5. Report the results, allowing for replication.

question

Hypothesis

answer

A specific prediction that can be tested.

question

Replication

answer

To repeat a test of a research hypothesis and to try to obtain the same results using different participants.

question

Nature

answer

Refers to all the traits that a person inherits from his or her parents.

question

Nurture

answer

Refers to all the environmental influences that affect development.

question

Critical Period

answer

A time when a particular type of developmental growth must happen if it is ever going to happen.

question

Sensitive Period

answer

A time when a certain type of development is most likely to happen, although it may still happen later.

question

Two variables that interact to affect the likelihood that a child will commit a violent crime are:

answer

a. Past child abuse b. A variant of the gene that produces the enzyme MAOA

question

Dynamic-Systems Theory

answer

A view of human development as an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between the physical and emotional being and between the person and every aspect of his or her environment, including the family and society.

question

Life-Span Perspective

answer

Takes into account all phases of life.

question

Multidirectional

answer

Change is appearent in each aspect of life and in every direction.

question

Continuity

answer

Stability in development.

question

Discontinuity

answer

Lack of stability in development.

question

Multicultural

answer

Culture promotes customs, values, and perceptions that guide human life by a group and transmitted across generations.

question

Multidisciplinary

answer

An integrative framework that involves research and insights from many academic disciplines.

question

Multicontextual

answer

Development occurs in many contexts including physical surroundings and family constellations.

question

Plastic

answer

Individuals can be molded as time goes on, by their circumstances, efforts and unexpected events.

question

Ecological-Systems Approach

answer

Takes into consideration the relationship between the individual and the environment. (It was first emphasized by Urie Bronfenbrenner who later renamed it Bioecological)

question

The Ecological Model

answer

Consists of Microsystems, Exosystems, Macrosystems, Mesosystems, and Chronosystems.

question

Microsystems

answer

Elements of the immediate surroundings such as family, and friends, school and religious classes.

question

Exosystems

answer

Local institutions such as school system, religious organization, and workplace.

question

Macrosystems

answer

The larger contexts, including cultural values, economic policies, and political processes.

question

Mesosystems

answer

Refers to interactions among systems, as when parents and teachers coordinate to educate a child.

question

Chronosystems

answer

Historical time conditions that affects the other systems.

question

Cohort

answer

A group of people who, because they were born within a few years of each other, experience many of the same historical events and cultural shifts.

question

Socioeconomic Status---SES

answer

Determined by an individuals income, wealth, education, place of residence, and occupation.

question

Ethnic Group

answer

A collection of people whose ancestors were born in the same region, usually sharing a language, culture, and religion.

question

Race

answer

A misleading social construction for a group of people who are regarded--by themselves or others, as distinct on the basis of appearence.

question

Mirror Neurons

answer

Cells in a person's brain the respond to the observed actions of others in the same way they would if the observer had done that action.

question

Scientific Observation

answer

Requires research to record behavior systematically and objectively.

question

Experiment

answer

Designed to establish the cause of behavior.

question

Independent Variable

answer

The variable that is manipulated in an experiment.

question

Dependent Variable

answer

The variable measured in an experiment.

question

Survey

answer

Information collected from a large number of people by interview, questionnaire, or some other means.

question

Cross-Sectional Research

answer

Groups of people who differ in age but share other important characteristics are compared with regard to the variable under investigation.

question

Longitudinal Research

answer

The same group of individuals is studied over a period of time to measure both change and stability as they age.

question

Cross-Sequential Research

answer

Follows a group of people of different ages over time, thus combining the strengths of the cross-sectional and longitudinal methods.

question

Correlation

answer

Result indicating degree of relationship between the the two variables.

question

Quantitative Research

answer

Collects data that are expressed with numbers.

question

Qualitative Research

answer

Collects non-numerical discriptions of participants' characteristic behaviors and ideas.

question

Code of Ethics

answer

A set of moral principles that guide the research of Developmental psychologists and other scientists.

question

Institutional Review Board---IRB

answer

A group within an educational or medical institution whose purpose is to ensure the research is ethical and follows established guidelines.

question

T/F---In Scientific Method, research findings should be made available to other scientists.

answer

True

question

The fetus develops fingers and toes between 28 and 54 days after conception. This is an example of...

answer

A Critical Period

question

In the science of human development, "nurture" refers to:

answer

Environmental influences.

question

As we age, losses occur in some domains, while gains are made in others. This is consistent with the _____________ nature of development.

answer

Multidirectional

question

A group of middle school students would be considered to be....

answer

A cohort

question

Parental choice for a child's first name reveals....

answer

Cohort effects.

question

T/F---Sometimes SES is called "social class."

answer

True

question

T/F---Scientifc observation involves observing and recording behavior.

answer

True

question

In a study of the effects of nutrition on school performance, test scores would likely be a....

answer

dependent variable.

question

In an experiment, the group that receives the 'special' treatment is called the __________ group.

answer

Experimental

question

This is a drawback of longitudinal research.

answer

Over time, participants may withdraw, move away to an unknown address, or die.

question

What does it mean when a correlation exists between two variables.

answer

There is a relationship between the two variables.

question

Compared to qualitative research, quantitative research is more...

answer

easily translated into numbers and categories.

question

Most developmental psychologists believe that development is the result of....

answer

both nature and nurture.

question

The distinctive characteristic of development that says that changes does not always occur in a straight line is:

answer

Multidirectional

question

A church is an example of this portion of the Ecological Model.

answer

Exosystem

question

T/F--Members of a cohort experience the same historical events.

answer

True

question

The science of human development seeks to understand what?

answer

How and why people change over time.

question

Socioeconomic status refers to what?

answer

Social class

question

Values, customs, clothing, and dwelling are part of a group's what?

answer

Culture

question

Plasticity highlights the fact that a person's developmental traits can do what?

answer

Change over time.

question

The observation method is limited because of what?

answer

It does not provide information as to what causes the behavior.

question

To establish what causes a behavior, what research method must be used.

answer

Experiment

question

What research method primary data source is gained from interviews and questionnaires.

answer

Survey

question

This research method involves collecting data repeatedly on the same person as they age.

answer

Longitudinal

question

The research that asks open-ended questions and obtains answers that are not easily translated into numbers is called what?

answer

Qualitative Research

question

This is an example of ethical standards for research with children.

answer

Obtaining consent from both the parents and the children.

question

A group of ideas, assumptions, and generalizations that interpret and illuminate the thousands of observations that have been made about human growth.

answer

Developmental Theory

question

What 3 things do theories do?

answer

1. Theories produce hypotheses 2. Theories generate discoveries 3. Theories offer practical guidance

question

What type of theories are comprehensive, enduring and widely applied?

answer

Grand Theories

question

List the three grand theories?

answer

1. Psychoanalytic Theory 2. Behaviorism 3. Cognitive

question

Define Psychoanalytic Theory

answer

A grand theory of human development that holds that irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior.

question

Who believed that Development in the first six years occurs in 3 stages, each characterized by sexual interest and pleasure centered on a particular part of the body?

answer

Sigmund Freud

question

Name the 3 stages in Freud's theory?

answer

1. Oral 2. Anal 3. Phallic

question

What is another name for Freud's theory?

answer

Psychosexual

question

When does the Oral Stage begin?

answer

In infancy

question

What body part is associated with the Oral stage?

answer

The mouth

question

When does the Anal Stage begin?

answer

In early childhood

question

What body part is associated with the Anal Stage?

answer

The anus

question

When does the Phallic Stage begin?

answer

In preschool years

question

What body part is associated with the Phallic Stage?

answer

The penis

question

There are two other stages that Freud mentions, name them.

answer

Latency stage and Genital stage.

question

Freud believed that sexual needs were quiet and that psychic energy was put into schoolwork and sports during what stage?

answer

Latency stage

question

Happens at puberty and lasts throughout adulthood.

answer

Genital Stage

question

He stressed cultural diversity, social change, and psychological crisis throughout the life span that is characterized by a particular challenge or developmental crisis.

answer

Erik Erikson

question

Name Erikson's 8 developmental stages.

answer

1. Trust vs. Mistrust 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt 3. Initiative vs. Guilt 4. Industry vs. Inferiority 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation 7. Generatively vs. Stagnation 8. Integrity vs. Despair

question

Name Erikson's stage that states "Babies either trust that others will care for the basic needs, or develop mistrust about the care of others."

answer

Trust vs. Mistrust

question

Name Erikson's stage that states "Children either become self-sufficient in many activities, or doubt their own abilities."

answer

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

question

Name Erikson's stage that states "Children either want to undertake many adult like activities or internalize the limits and prohibitions set by parents. They feel either adventurous or guilty."

answer

Initiative vs. Guilt

question

Name Erikson's stage that states "Children busily learn to be competent and productive in mastering new skills or feel inferior, unable to do anything as well as they wish they could."

answer

Industry vs. Inferiority

question

Name Erikson's stage that states "Adolescents try to figure out 'Who am I?' They establish sexual, political, religious, & vocational identities or are confused about what roles to play."

answer

Identity vs. Role Confusion

question

Name Erikson's stage that states "Young adults seek companionship and love or become isolated from others because the fear of rejection and disappointment."

answer

Intimacy vs. Isolation

question

Name Erikson's stage that states "Middle-aged adults contribute to the next generation through meaningful work, creative activities, and/or raising a family, or they stagnate."

answer

Generatively vs. Stagnation

question

Name Erikson's stage that states "Older adults try to make sense out of their lives, either seeing life as meaningful whole or despairing at goals never reached."

answer

Integrity vs. Despair

question

How does Erikson's stages differ from Freud's Stages?

answer

They emphasize each person's relationships to family and culture, not sexual urges.

question

A grand theory of human development that studies observable behavior. It is also called Learning Theory because it describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned.

answer

Behaviorism

question

Argued that, if psychology was to be a true science, psychologists should examine only what they could see and measure: Behavior, not irrational thoughts and hidden urges.

answer

John B. Watson

question

Believe that development occurs in small increments. A person learns bit by bit over a long time. Because change is cumulative, behaviorists describe no specific stages.

answer

Learning Theorists

question

The process by which responses become linked to a particular stimuli.

answer

Conditioning

question

Conditioning is also known by this name.

answer

Stimulus-Response Conditioning

question

Name two types of conditioning.

answer

1. Classical 2. Operant

question

The learning process in which a meaningful stimulus is connected with a neutral stimulus that had no special meaning before conditioning. Also called Respondent Conditioning.

answer

Classical

question

He was studying digestive process in dogs when he discovered that the dogs salivated before they received their food.

answer

Ivan Pavlov

question

The learning involves an association between two stimuli.

answer

Classical Conditioning

question

The behavior is involuntary.

answer

Classical Conditioning

question

The learning process by which a particular action is followed by something desired or by something unwanted. Also called Instrumental Conditioning.

answer

Operant

question

The behaviorist most associated with operant conditioning is?

answer

B. F. Skinner

question

The behavior is involuntary.

answer

Operant Conditioning

question

The learning involves an association between a response and an outcome.

answer

Operant Conditioning

question

A technique for conditioning behavior in which that behavior is followed by something desired, such as food for a hungry animal or a welcoming smile for a lonely person.

answer

Reinforcement

question

An extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person's behavior.

answer

Social Learning

question

Believed that people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling.

answer

Albert Bandura

question

The central process of social learning, by which a person observes the actons of others and then copies them.

answer

Modeling

question

The belief of some people that they are able to change themselves and effectively alter their social context.

answer

Self-efficacy

question

A grand theory of human development that focuses on changes in how people think over time.

answer

Cognitive Theory

question

He believed that to understand human behavior, one must understand how a person thinks.

answer

Jean Piaget

question

What are Piaget's four age-related period or stages?

answer

1. Senorimotor 2. Preoperational 3. Concrete Operational 4. Formal Operational

question

Infants use senses and motor abilities to understand the world.

answer

Senorimotor

question

Children think magically & poetically, using language to understand the world.

answer

Preoperational

question

Children understand and apply logical operations, or principles, to interpret experiences objectively and rationally.

answer

Concrete Operational

question

Adolescents and adults think about abstractions and hypothetical concepts and reason analytically, not just emotionally.

answer

Formal Operational

question

A state of mental balance.

answer

Cognitive Equilibrium

question

An imbalance that causes confusion.

answer

Cognitive Disequilibrium

question

A perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored memories, and output.

answer

Information processing

question

These are multicultural and multidisciplinary.

answer

Newer Theories

question

An emergent theory that holds that development results from the dynamic interactions of each person with the surrounding social and cultural forces.

answer

Sociocultural Theory

question

The pioneer of the Sociocultural perspective. In his view, each person schooled or not, develops competencies taught by more skilled members of society, who are tutors or mentors in an apprenticeship in thinking.

answer

Lev Vygotsky

question

An American psychologist who was best known for his studies on affection and development using rhesus monkeys and surrogate wire or terrycloth mothers.

answer

Harry Harlow

question

Vygotsky's term for how cognition is stimulated and developed in people by older and more skilled members of society.

answer

Apprenticeship in Thinking

question

A metaphorical area or "zone," surrounding a learner that includes all the skills, knowledge, and concepts that the person is close to acquiring but cannot yet master without help.

answer

Zone of Proximal Development

question

Humanism and Evolutionary theory are known as this.

answer

The Universal Perspective

question

A theory that stresses the potential of all humans for good and the belief that all people have the same basic needs, regardless of culture, gender, or background.

answer

Humanism

question

He was an American psychologist who was best known for creating Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a theory of self-actualization. He stressed the importance of focusing on the positive qualities in people, as opposed to treating them as a "bag of symptoms."

answer

Abraham Maslow

question

Name the 5 levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of needs.

answer

1. Physiological 2. Safety & Security 3. Love and Belonging 4. Respect and Esteem 5. Self-Actualization

question

Which level focuses on "Needing food, water, warmth, and air?"

answer

Physiological

question

Which level focuses on "Feeling protected from injury and death?"

answer

Safety & Security

question

Which level focuses on "Having loving friends, family, and a community (often religious)?"

answer

Love and Belonging

question

Which level focuses on "Being respected by the wider community as well as by oneself?"

answer

Respect and Esteem

question

Which level focuses on "Becoming truly oneself, fulfilling one's unique potential while appreciating all of humanity?"

answer

Self-Actualization

question

All plants, insects, birds, and animals developed over billions of years as life evolved from primitive cells to humans.

answer

Evolutionary Theory

question

Name the two long-standing, biological basic drives for every species.

answer

Survival and Reproduction

question

The process by which living creatures (including people) adjust to their environment. Genes that enhance survival and reproductive ability are selected, over generations, to become more frequent.

answer

Selective Adaptation

question

This theory contributes: Have made us aware of the impact of early-childhood experiences, remembered or not, on subsequent development.

answer

Psychoanalytic theories

question

This theory contributes:Has shown the effect that immediate responses, associations, and examples have on learning, moment by moment, and over time.

answer

Behaviorism

question

This theory contributes:Have brought an understanding of intellectual processes and how our thoughts and beliefs affect every aspect of our development.

answer

Cognitive theories

question

This theory contributes:Have reminded us that development is embedded in a rich and multifaceted cultural context, which is evident in every social interaction.

answer

Sociocultural theories

question

This theory contributes:Stresses that human differences are less significant than what all humans, in every place and era, share.

answer

Universal theories

question

Faulted for being too subjective.

answer

Psychoanalytical theory

question

Faulted for being too mechanic.

answer

Behaviorism

question

Faulted for undervaluing emotions.

answer

Cognitive theory

question

Faulted for neglecting individuals.

answer

Sociocultural theory

question

Faulted for slighting cultural, gender, and economic variations.

answer

Universal theory

question

Developmental Theory

answer

A systematic statement of principles and generalizations that provides a coherent framework for understanding how and why people changes as they grow older is called a ___________.

question

hypothesis

answer

Developmental theories form the basis for educated guesses, or ______________ about behavior.

question

discoveries

answer

Hypothesis generate _____________.

question

practical guidance

answer

Hypothesis offers _____________.

question

Psychoanalytic theory

answer

______________ interprets human development in terms of inner drives and motives, which are unconscious and irrational and originate in childhood.

question

The anal stage, the oral stage, and the phallic stage

answer

4. According to Freud's Psychoanalytic theory, children experience sexual pleasures and desires during the first six years as they pass through three stages. From infancy to early childhood to the preschool years, these stages are:

question

conflicts

answer

One of Freud's most influential ideas was that each stage includes its own potential ________.

question

eight

answer

Erik Erikson's theory of development, which focuses on social and cultural influences, describes _______ developmental stages.

question

crisis/challenges

answer

Erikson's developmental stages are characterized by a particular developmental __________related to the person's relationship to the social and cultural environment.

question

span

answer

Unlike Freud, Erikson proposed stages of development that _________ a person's lifetime.

question

Birth to 1 yr.

answer

Trust vs. Mistrust

question

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

answer

1-3 yrs.

question

3-6 yrs.

answer

Initiative vs. Guilt

question

Industry vs. Inferiority

answer

6-11 yrs.

question

Adolescence

answer

Identity vs. Role Confusion

question

Intimacy vs. Isolation

answer

Young Adulthood

question

Middle Adulthood

answer

Generativity vs. Stagnation

question

Integrity vs. Despair

answer

Older Adulthood

question

Senescence

answer

The gradual physical decline that accompanies aging.

question

Presbycusis

answer

The significant loss of hearing associated with aging.

question

Menopause

answer

When ovulation and menstruation stop and the production of the hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone drops. This usually occurs around age 50.

question

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

answer

Involves taking hormones (in pills, patches, or injections) to compensate for hormone reduction. It is intended to help relieve menopausal symptoms.

question

Andropause

answer

Male menopause, refers to a drop in testosterone levels in older men, which normally results in reduced sexual desire, muscle mass, and erections.

Life Span Developmental Psychology – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards