question

Results of a study completed by Kassin & Neumann (1997), indicated that confessions resulted in a conviction rate of __________ as opposed to a rate of __________ with eyewitness testimony?

answer

73% & 59%

question

As a result of a long, drawn out interrogation process, Kathryn confessed to a crime knowing that she did not commit it. This type of confession is called?

answer

An instrumental-coerced confession

question

During interrogation of a suspect, openly physical brutality was _____________ prior to 1930.

answer

Frequently used

question

As a result of interrogation, approximately _______________ result in damaging statements, according to research noted in the text.

answer

13%-16%

question

Utilization of a team approach to interrogation is often referred to as?

answer

Good cop/bad cop approach =/?

question

Miranda rights contain how many sections?

answer

Four

question

Police prefer a confession because?

answer

Confessions save time

question

_____________% of suspects in police custody waive their rights?

answer

Eighty

question

The reasons why individuals waive their Miranda rights differ depending on whether they are guilty. According to the text, innocent suspects may do so because they feel there is:

answer

Nothing to hide

question

After the publication of the Report on Lawlessness in Law Enforcement, changes in legislation resulted in the move from ________ physical abuse to ________ forms of abuse.

answer

Overt & covert

question

The neutral positioning of a camera to record both suspect and interrogator is called:

answer

Equal-focus camera perspective

question

The Reid technique is a form of interrogation that relies on a psychological process to glean information from a suspect. One of its steps is:

answer

Establishing a sense of social isolation

question

The purpose of exculpatory scenarios is to:

answer

To clear the path for an admission of guild, interrogators offer face-saving justifications or excuses for the crime

question

Approximately ____________ of suspects choose to exercise their Miranda rights.

answer

20%

question

Research outlined in the text has shown that frequency of full confessions that are produced through interrogation is within the range of:

answer

39% & 48%

question

Shane was involved in a highly charged court case. His job was to provide an overview of research to assist the injury in making a well-informed decision regarding the suspect, in particular, in regards to the suspect's confession. Shane was called in to serve in what capacity?

answer

Expert witness

question

When a confession exists, juries ________ come back with a conviction.

answer

...

question

According to the text, evidence and leads that are uncovered in a case through _________ and _________ often prove to be the tools most effective for gaining a conviction.

answer

...

question

According to the text, approximately ____________ of wrongful convictions involve false confessions.

answer

25%

question

The ultimate goal of questioning suspects is to:

answer

Elicit confession

question

Matthew became convinced that he robbed the store after an intense interrogation process. This form of false confession is called:

answer

An authentic-coerced confession

question

According to Kassin et. al. (2007), suspects self-incriminate during interrogations approximately _________ of the time?

answer

68%

question

False confessions may occur as a result of:

answer

All of these may lead to false confessions

question

Jilian had often suffered from a delusional behavior disorder. When brought in for questioning, she quickly confessed to a crime that she had taken no part in. The term used for this type of false confession is:

answer

Authentic-voluntary false confession

question

Research in the field of social psychology has discovered that people tend to _____________ the impact of situational forces.

answer

...

question

Beginning in the 1960's, the use of ________ forms of coercion have been used to derive confessions.

answer

Psychological

question

The most commonly identified type of false confession is the:

answer

Instrumental-coerced false confesions

question

Establishing in suspects a sense of social isolation during the interrogation process is used to make them feel:

answer

Deprive the suspect of emotional support and to minimize contradictory information.

question

Of all the traits that can be defined as vulnerability, the most dangerous vulnerability is:

answer

Youth

question

The tendency to attribute others' behavior to dispositional causes such as personality is referred to as:

answer

Fundamental attribution error

question

The theory behind the polygraph test is that:

answer

Lying causes physiological arousal

question

According to research completed by Bond and DePaulo (2006), people's ability to distinguish lies was noted as having a _____ overall rate of accuracy.

answer

54%

question

When police detectives were assessed as to their ability to detect lies, according to our text, they were ___________ likely to assess the truthfulness of video-graphed statements than were college students.

answer

Less

question

One problem with using polygraph tests as part of a criminal investigation is that:

answer

Many polygraphs tests are not done under controlled conditions.

question

The control question test (CQT) posits that guilty individuals react to _____________ questions, whereas innocent individuals react to ____________ questions.

answer

relevant & control

question

According to the text, the "____________ hypothesis" posits that human intelligence was accelerated by the need for humans to develop social skills related to manipulation and deception.

answer

Machiavellian intelligence

question

The technique that uses systematic analysis of written statements to assess the credibility of statements related to a particular event is:

answer

Criteria-based content analysis (CBCA)

question

According to the text, polygraphers are able to identify approximately _________ of guilty suspects?

answer

77%

question

Lying can best be described as:

answer

Multifaceted

question

_________ measures minute changes in the heat of the human face.

answer

High-definition infrared thermal imaging

question

Criticism of the use of polygraphs is both _______ and ___________.

answer

Ethical and scientific? =/

question

According to the text, an EEG reads neural impulses in _________, whereas the fMRI reads brain activity every ____________.

answer

Continuously milliseconds & 2 seconds

question

According to one study, ___________ of individuals reported that squirming, glancing askance, and fidgeting were indicators of untruthfulness.

answer

70%

question

The tendency to seek out information that supports our beliefs is otherwise known as:

answer

Confirmation bias

question

As with a traditional polygraph test, the guilty knowledge test (GKT) can be influenced by:

answer

Alcohol or Drugs

question

Lying is considered to be an adaptive behavior from a(n)___________ point of view.

answer

Evolutionary

question

The polygraph may be used as a method to evoke:

answer

A confession

question

According to one study and the text, police detectives demonstrated ______________ toward evaluating false confessions as true.

answer

Bias

question

The federal Polygraph Protection Act of 1988 prohibited ___________ from administering polygraphs for the purpose of hiring a job.

answer

Most private employers

question

According to the text, polygraphers fail to snare about __________ of guilty suspects and falsely accuse approximately __________ of innocent individuals.

answer

21% & 16%

question

Credibility assessment is also referred to as:

answer

Lie detection

question

Techniques such as the use of drugs, alcohol, and physical distractions are all examples of:

answer

Countermeasures to polygraph testing

question

The ability of humans to maintain a relatively harmonious group relationship is facilitated by our capacity to ________ the truth.

answer

...

question

The guilty knowledge test (GKT) focuses on:

answer

Whether the suspect knows facts that one would expect that only the criminal would know.

question

According to research completed by Lykken (1998), when the guilty knowledge test (GKT) is used, __________ of innocent suspects were identified as guilty, while ___________ of guilty suspects were correctly classified.

answer

96.7% & 88.2%

question

Polygraph testing has been excluded as evidence in court in ________ states, except under exceptional circumstances.

answer

23

question

The guilty knowledge test (GKT) uses a multiple-choice question format. When questions are posed, __________ multiple-choice options are provided.

answer

...

question

According to a study of college students interactions noted in the text, on average, study participants told _________ lies in about 10 minutes.

answer

2.9

question

Using the polygraph for the purpose of employment are ________ than those used in criminal cases.

answer

Less reliable

question

According to a study conducted by Honts, Raskin, & Kircher (1994), the use of countermeasures reduced the detection of guilty suspects by:

answer

50%

question

Physical evidence may include:

answer

Tireprints, Soleprints, Clothingfabric, Toolsmarks, Fingerprints, Bite marks (victim or food)

question

Class characteristics can best be described as:

answer

featuresthatare common to a general class or category of objects. - A pattern of tread shared by all of a Nike woman's shoe - Owns shoe consistent with pattern

question

The text noted that jurors are more persuaded by __________ than by __________ or _________.

answer

Finger evidence than by forensic identifications or the science behind them

question

"Match plus statistics"

answer

Statement includes statistics to determine how rare or common

question

Individuation of trace refers to:

answer

Sometimes used to express the conclusion that a trace found at the crime scene came from this source to the exclusion of all other sources in the world (e.g., that a fingerprint came from the left index finger of the defendant).

question

Biological evidence may include

answer

Blood, saliva, semen and skin cells

question

Markings on a bullet are referred to as:

answer

Striations

question

Alleles are:

answer

Genetic characteristics

question

Biometrics is the:

answer

Identification of an individual based on anatomical traits that can be measured

question

Features of fingerprints are referred to as:

answer

Loops, whorls, and arches

question

Research noted in the text reveals that juries:

answer

Jurors are too conservative in their adjustments & they have great difficulty making sense of statistical statements

question

Bertillon developed which of the following?

answer

Anthropometry

question

Interobserver agreements is also known as:

answer

Interrater reliability

question

Temporal consistency is sometimes referred to as:

answer

Test-retest reliability

question

Sir Francis Galton was an early pioneer of:

answer

Psychometrics

question

According to the text, most practitioners working with forensic science hold only:

answer

A bachelor's degree

question

Nicholas was brought in for questioning as a result of detailed police work, including fingerprints. He was "excluded" as a suspect. This means:

answer

The fingerprints were found to be from someone else

question

The tendency to seek out information that supports our beliefs is known as:

answer

Confirmation Bias

question

In order to reduce error and bias, a test should be "blind", which means that:

answer

The examination does not know if the results are correct before or during testing.

question

Friction ridges are:

answer

Said to have developed through evolution

question

Forensic identification can best be defined as:

answer

The process of linking physical evidence to a particular individual

question

A "simple match":

answer

Does not use statistical statements

question

Bullet matching results:

answer

Comparing striations; No clear criteria for nature and quality of a match

question

Reliability:

answer

Refers to the consistency of a measure or observation

question

Inclusion is another word for:

answer

Match

question

A qualitative statement is:

answer

A subjective statement

question

Test-retest reliability is when:

answer

A measure has the same results over time

question

Measurement valadity refers to:

answer

Whether a technique measures what it is supposed to measure

question

Fingerprint examiners are required to limit their testimony to __________ of _________ conclusions.

answer

3 of ? =/

question

According to the text, approximately ___________ of practitioners working with forensics have a bachelor's degree.

answer

96%

question

Ronald Holmes devised a manner of categorizing serial killers. According to the text, he posited that there are ______ types of serial killers.

answer

Four

question

According to the text, serial killers known as ________ types are often psychotic.

answer

Visionary

question

The reliance on maps and mathematics to develop a view of where serial crimes are often committed is referred to as:

answer

Geographic Profiling

question

The characteristics of serial killers seem to have:

answer

Some recurring patterns

question

Mission-oriented types of serial killers often:

answer

Are motivated by the desire to kill individuals they consider evil or deserving of death.

question

Serial killers that tend to torture their victims and kill for sadistic sexual pleasure are referred to as _________ types.

answer

Hedonistic

question

The NASH system is utilized to classify

answer

Causes of death

question

Childhood maladjustments are sometimes displayed by:

answer

Cruelty to animals

question

According to the text, it is hypothesized that the disorganized murderer possesses __________, whereas the organized murderer possesses____________.

answer

Below average intelligence & at least average intelligence

question

Most serial killers are ________ of __________ intelligence.

answer

White males & Average

question

According to the text, the attempt to examine the psychological state of an individual prior to his or her death is known as:

answer

Psychological Autopsy

question

According to the text, ____________ is considered to be the first individual to develop a criminal profile when working on the Jack the Ripper case.

answer

Dr. Thomas Bond

question

Many serial killers seem to prefer to use __________ methods of killing, such as __________.

answer

Intimate; strangulation, stabbing or even torture

question

As a technique, profiling is still regarded as a(n) ___________ technique.

answer

Popular or statistical

question

When two or more crimes are committed by the same person, it is referred to as:

answer

Case linkage

question

The distinctive, personal aspect of a crime that reveals the personality of a killer is referred to as:

answer

The signature.

question

Many serial killings appear to have some level of:

answer

Violent sexual fantasies

question

Killers that can be described as carefully selecting their victims are referred to as:

answer

Organized killers

question

When assessing for common traits among stranger rapists, Mokros and Alison (2004) found that there was _________ among criminals who committed similar crimes.

answer

No discernable demograpic resemblance; 100 strangers; 28 characteristics

question

Profiles are created primarily to:

answer

Emphasize the "signature"; Profiles result in tunnel vision; Profiles sometimes based on stereotypes

question

Rational thinking, in serial killers, is often:

answer

Impaired by brain injury

question

Criminal profiling is aslo known as "retroclassification", or:

answer

Criminal investigative analysis

question

According to the text, there are approximately ___________ FBI specialists in the area of profiling.

answer

12

question

The behavior of ____________ tends to be more elaborate and ritualistic than that of other killers.

answer

Organized killers

question

_________ provides information that is helpful when deciding whether a person committed a crime.

answer

Probative evidence

question

According to the text, it is hypothesized that the disorganized killer is more likely to __________, whereas the organized killer may be inclined to ___________.

answer

Display minimal interest in media attention & follow media accounts of the crime

question

The process of drawing inferences about a suspect's personality, behavior, motivation, and demographic characteristics based on evidence is referred to as:

answer

Profiling

question

According to the text, the courts have been reluctant to allow expert testimony based on psychological autopsies. However, that is NOT the case in:

answer

Jackson v. State of Florida (1989)

question

The type of serial killer that receives satisfaction through controlling the victim is referred to as a:

answer

Power-oriented killer

question

Killers that tend to be more impulsive and select victims more randomly are referred to as:

answer

Disorganized killers

question

Automatic exemptions, for such things as being the primary caretaker for a child or having a serious health condition, might be granted, because serving on a jury would cause the potential juror:

answer

Undue hardship or inconvinince

question

According to the Jury Selection and Service Act of 1968:

answer

Federal and state courts must assemble juries that constitute a "fair cross-section of the community"

question

According to the text, approximately __________ of those summoned for jury duty do not show up.

answer

20%

question

Mock juries benefit the trial lawyers when the actual trial and jury selection takes place because:

answer

Profiles developed through the mock jury guide the choices for the real case

question

According to the text, what is usually referred to as a jury selection is actually a process of:

answer

Deselection

question

Among the traits noted as being associated with jury verdicts is how they tend to explain what happens to them. This trait is referred to as:

answer

The locus of control

question

April displays conventional values, with relatively inflexible viewpoints, generally identifying with authority figures and finding weakness to be intolerable. One might consider her personality to be that of:

answer

Authoritarianism.

question

In a high profile case, trial consultants are often hired. Trial consultants utilize a(n)________ approach to jury selection.

answer

Data-driven approach

question

Voir dire is the:

answer

Final stage in the jury selection process

question

A jury of 12 or fewer is likely to:

answer

Represent some aspects of the community-at-large

question

An additional source for jurors in many states is:

answer

All of these are correct

question

The Sixth Amendment:

answer

A guarantees the right to a trial by an impartial jury in criminal cases

question

Lawyers have two types of challenges they can pose to remove a potential juror: challenges for cause and:

answer

Peremptory challenges

question

Pro bono is legal service:

answer

Free of charge

question

Mock Juries are often used by trial consultants to primarily evaluate their ____________ prior to selection of a true jury.

answer

...

question

In terms of the burden of proof, in criminal cases, the standard of proof for a person to be found guilty is ________, whereas in a civil trial, the standard of proof is usually ____________.

answer

Beyond a reasonable doubt; preponderance of the evidence

question

Nicole is an attorney handling a high-profile case. Much rests with the decision of the jury in terms of damages that may be required of the defendant to pay. To help in the process, she decides to pull together a group that matches the demographics of the actual jury. The group is known as:

answer

A shadow jury

question

According to the text, when an attorney takes the opportunity to remove a potential jury, it is referred to as:

answer

A challenge

question

If a potential juror is removed because he or she is unlikely to be able to deliver an impartial verdict based purely on evidence, this type of removal is referred to as:

answer

A challenge for cause

question

Cognizable refers to:

answer

Potential jurors being recognized as sharing a particular characteristics or attitude that sets them apart from other jurors

question

Not onlydo mock juries provide important information to attorneys regarding possible traits that would be advantageous in a true jury, but they also offer an opportunity to assess:

answer

The strengths and weakness of a case

question

A challenge for cause is ____________, whereas a peremptory challenge ____________.

answer

Because of prejudice or bias, it is unlikely that the juror swill be able to render an impartial verdict ;dismissal without a reason and without judge's approval

question

The biggest, most important benefit of having a shadow jury in place, according to the text, is that because they will actually hear the same testimony as the actual jury, they can provide:

answer

...

question

A judge _____________ accept(s) the challenges put forth by attorneys regarding jury selection.

answer

Sometimes

question

The group of prospective jurors is referred to as:

answer

Venire

question

It would appear as though there are a few personality traits or tendencies that have any bearing on jury verdicts. According to the text, there are __________ traits that have been shown to be important predictors.

answer

Three

question

Jeremy has worked in a prison for 15 years and has been called to jury duty. He is to serve on a criminal case involving the shooting of a guard during prison riot. Based on the definition of challenge of cause, Jeremy would be:

answer

An unlikely juror

question

The __________ is when the characteristics of jurors and the defendant are similar to the extent that it might influence verdicts.

answer

Similarity-leniency hypothesis

question

The Seventh Amendment:

answer

Guarantees the right to a trial by an impartial jury in most civil cases

question

According to the Jury Selection and Service Act of 1968, the voter registration list in the "________ source" of eligible jurors.

answer

Primary

question

According to a study completed by Morgan et al (2004), stress appears to have an effect on eye witness identification......low-stress conditions.

answer

Higher

question

the benefit of a cognitive interview is that...

answer

it mentally reinstates the context surrounding the crime.

question

the _____ consists of five factors to be taken into account when evaluating eyewitness identification accuracy...

answer

manson criteria

question

the tendency of ppl to be better able to recognize faces of those within their racial group than those outside their own racial group is referred to as;

answer

the cross-race effect

question

bias-reducing instructions are used to assist eyewitnesses to be accurate in their identification of a suspect. an example of such instructions, as noted in the text, is telling the eyewitness that=;

answer

the true criminal might not be in the lineup or photo spread

question

wrongful convictions have been shown to take place as a result of eyewitness testimony__ any other type of evidence.

answer

more than

question

memory is not a perfect procedure. erros can take place at any given poinnt in thee process and it may not last forever. ____ is the term used to describe the biochemcial representation of our experiences within the brain.

answer

memory trace

question

techniques for refreshing witness memories include

answer

...

question

the reassignment of a face that is familiar from another contect to the scene of a crime is referred to as?

answer

unconscious transference

question

according to the text, estimates of time during the course of a stressful even t are ____ times the actual length of the event.

answer

3 to 4.

question

accordin to the text, coss-race effect is present in babies as young as=;

answer

9 months

question

when the eyewitness is a child, ist is likely that the accuracy of information they can provide is

answer

less accurate

question

in addition to issues with memory in general, other thing can influence witness accuray. interfference can take place because, during the process of identiicantoin of a suspectn, witnesses are often inclidned to overstimate their pereption of an event or perpetratior as a result of ___ and ____

answer

...

question

alternative suspects in the lineup or photo spread are called

answer

fillers

question

metaanalysis relies on the findings from a

answer

large group of related research studies

question

according to the text, what we generally s and remember is impacted by what we expect to see. this tendency to maintain widely held beliefs about a sequence of expected behaviors is referred too as

answer

scripts

question

eyewitness depends on __ to idenfify or describe a suspect

answer

memory

question

in the construction of memory, it is not uncommon to find that distortion may take place as we try to retrieve that memory. the following is true when we encode an event

answer

with encoding, we may select only some aspects of the even in the information of the memory

question

eyewitness testimony is

answer

...

question

research is an important part of undestanding how eyewitness accounts are derived. as such, a range of factors are often condisered. those factors that are within the control of the justice systems are

answer

system variables

question

retriaval inhibition occurs when

answer

an individual selectively retrieves some aspects of a situation while inhibiting recall of other aspects

question

when describing memory, _____ is the first component required in the process necessary for retention

answer

encoding

question

when doing research, social scientists often look at many factors. factors that are outside the control of the legal system are referred to as=

answer

estimator variables

question

according to psychologists, the memory consists of a ___ par component process

answer

three

question

cross-ratial identifications are generally _____ accurate thanais same-race ientification

answer

less

question

the process of having an eyewitness looking at one person or photograph at a time it is referred to as ____ lineups.

answer

sequential

question

cross-race effect has been shown to be consistent in strength

answer

accross the age span

question

indiviuals often _____ tine during an event. this is particularly true if the event is ______/

answer

overestimate; stressful

question

the tendency for biased feedback to distort the memory of eyewitness accounts is also known as

answer

postidentification feedback effect

question

the maintenance of information over time within the brain is referred to as

answer

storage

question

the american psychologial association recommends that defendants should not be executed if they demonstrate

answer

a severe mental disorder or disability that limits capacity

question

according to research complete by grisso et al. (2003) the differencs btw adolescents (ages 11-17) and young adults (18-24) were

answer

significant

question

the second edition of the minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI-2) is a measure of

answer

phychopathology

question

competency to stand trial (CST) has two components to its definitiion. the first component refers to the accused individuals _______ the second component refers to the accused individuals

answer

ability to interact rationally with an attorney; understanding about how the court process works.

question

psychological tests related specifically to the evaluation of competence to stand trial are referred to as

answer

forensic assesment instruments

question

when performing competency evalutions within an institution , collateralk sources of information can be gathered regarding the defendants behaior....

answer

prison guard, nurse, and ental health professional.

question

competence to stand trial demands that

answer

the accused meets minimum standards to cooperate with their attorney.

question

what is the primamry advantage of providing an evaluation of competency of a defendant within an institution?

answer

it provides multiple opportunities to observe the defendants behavior over time

question

according to he text ____ states allow juveniles of a certain age to be tried in adult venues when charged with serious crimes

answer

50

question

Courts can recommend forcible medications of defendants

answer

when they are a range to self or others

question

a persons accused of a crime has the right to plead guilty and deny having an attorney. however according to the supreme court (johnson v. zerbst), a guilty plea must be

answer

Knowing, intelligent, and voluntary

question

for accused individuals to be deemed to be gravely disabled, it must be proved that they are

answer

unable to provide for their basic needs

question

bona fide doubt may also be referred to as

answer

reasonable doubt

question

the legal definition of whether an individual has the capacity to perform necessary personal or legal functions is known as

answer

competence

question

competency to stand trial (CST) refers to the psychological state of the accused

answer

at the time of the trial

question

in terms of plan bargains, Grisso et al (2003) found that the number of youths aged 11 to 13 years old were ____ likely to accept a plea than young adults

answer

more

question

Following Jackson v. Indiana (1972), it is generally accepted than an individual is limited to confinement btw ______ and then reevaluated.

answer

4-18 months

question

If the accused is deemed non restorable, then criminal charges are

answer

dismissed

question

if restoration to competence cannot be accomplished, proceedings may be held to issue an

answer

involuntary civil commitment

question

adjudicative competence is

answer

a legal concept that describes defendants ability to understand legal proceedings and participate in those proceedings in their own defense

question

phillip is understanding trial for robbery. His overall ability to adequately take care of himself and his ability to understand what going on trial means has come into question. before he goes to trial, it is important to assess whether he is

answer

competent to stand trial

question

according to the text, even if the accused is is deemed incompetent to stand trial he or she may receive treatment to become competent, in the legal sense. this happens for _______ of incompetent defendants.

answer

the vast majority.

question

the notion that the punishment for criminal activity should be proportionate to the harm was committed is known as

answer

retribution

question

according to the text, those found not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) generally spend _____ amount of time in a secured mental hospital than they would if they serve out in prison the sentence they would have received if found guilty.

answer

equal to greater

question

the durham standard took into consideration

answer

mental disease or mental defect in a person when assessing if an individual as not being criminally responsible.

question

clinical psychologists generally

answer

study and treat various psychological dysfunctions.

question

a highly publicized trial in california, which was later seen as a factor in the subsequent death of Harvey Milk, brought up the influence of heavy ingestions of junk food on mental state. the defense of the accused, Dan white (1978), was referred to as the:

answer

Twinkie defense.

question

As many as ______ of new mothers demonstrate signs of postpartum blues.

answer

50-75%

question

When determining insanity, the courts rely on:

answer

clinical psychologists.

question

regarding the insanity defense, one reason that jurors often respond the way they are elected to respond to the statements of judges and legislators i stat jurors use ______, whereas the various definitions are often ________.

answer

Preexisting commonsense notions of insanity; narrowly bound.

question

Volitional capacity refers to the defendants

answer

being unable to control his or her behavior.

question

Postpartum depression differs from postpartum blues in that new mothers with postpartum depression ______, while those with postpartum blues _______/

answer

display suicidal thoughts; display anxiety.

question

the concept that individuals with issues relating to impaired cognitive understanding should not be held culpable was used as early as the Roma empire. Roman law classed those individuals to be non compos mantis, or:

answer

without mastery of mind

question

the insanity defense reform act (IDRA) of 1984 eliminated the _____ from the definition of insanity

answer

volitional capacity

question

when applying diminished capacity, the ______ must prove mens rea.

answer

prosecution.

question

according to the text, postpartum psychosis usually occurs within the

answer

first 90 days following childbirth

question

insanity is considered a

answer

legal term

question

according to the text, insanity;

answer

refers to the criminals state of mind at the time the crime was commited

question

legal definitions of insanity are crafted by

answer

legislators and judges

question

malingering refers to the ______ of psychological symptoms that might lead to the accused being termed incompetent to stand trial

answer

faking or exaggeration

question

the insanity defense attitudes-revised scale (IDA-R) has been able to ______ predict jurors attitudes toward insanity

answer

strongly

question

the insanity defense reform act (IDRA) of 1084 required defendants to prove _____ that they were insane at the time o the crime

answer

by clear and convincing evidence

question

Development of the insanity defense can be traced back to

answer

several centuries ago

question

The M'Naghten rule lists three components to be used as a defense in criminal cases. one of the components is

answer

at the moment of the crime, the accused must have been laboring "under a defect of reason" or "from disease of the mind"

question

Mens rea refers to ______, whereas actus reus refers to

answer

a guilty mind, commitment of a crime

question

according to the text, men in intimate relationships are _____ the victims of physical assault

answer

sometimes

question

symptoms of someone suffering from battered woman syndrome (BWS) may include all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

self-efficacy.

question

according to the text, in response to the use of PTSD alone as a defense when RTS is present and as an alternative to RTS testimony, scholars proposed a series or levels of expert testimony. Their model, as discussed in the text, has ____ levels.

answer

five

question

Self-defense can be used in a court of law, when one is facing charges as result of killing one's own batterer. However, specific circumstances need to be introduced. Which of the following does NOT meet the standard?

answer

The abuse went beyond the ken, even for abusers.

question

The term rape trauma syndrome (RTS) can best be described as

answer

a cluster of symptoms demonstrated by rape victims

question

Betty endured abuse throughout most of her 30 years of marriage. during that time, she became less resistive to the attics and more submissive. a term often used of the state is:

answer

learned helplessness

question

Victims of rape trauma syndrome (RTS) and battered some syndrome (BWS) may also meet the criteria for _____, which is a common mental disorder

answer

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

question

When men kill their intimate partners, there were_____ in sentencing outcomes btw those who had a bench and those who had a jury trial, according to the text

answer

no differences

question

what factors might be considered in understanding the battered women syndrome?

answer

economic dependence on her abuser

question

psychologists also use the term symptom to describe a particular _______ to a specific event

answer

psychological and emotional reaction

question

Dutton (2007) has studied and developed a range of types of abusers. In addition, Dutton posits that many batterers may be classified as meeting the criteria for

answer

boderline personality disorder

question

Rape shield laws were put in place to prevent lawyers from delving into the sexual histories of the _____ during the trial

answer

alleged victim

question

Dr. Walker described a typical violent relationship as a three-phase cycle. Which of the following is NOT part of the cycle described in the text?

answer

forgiveness

question

A small research study by Stout & Brown (1995) noted that women who used violence against their abusers and then opted for a jury trial received sentences that were ______ those who had a bench trial

answer

more harsh than

question

according to the text, jurors appear to be ______ inclined toward women who kill their partners no matter what the circumstances.

answer

especially negatively

question

one problem with the relying on PTSD as a replacement for the introduction of BWS in a trial is that

answer

some symptoms of BWS are not typical for PTSD

question

according to the text, it might be more important to understand _____ rather than simply label an individual as suffering from BWS

answer

the dynamics of violence

question

according to Burgess and Holmstorm, there are two phases in the recovery from rape. the first phase is the acute crisis phase, which normally lasts ____, with ____ problems.

answer

a few weeks; severe physical

question

a common term used to describe a group of associated symptoms that lead to a significant dysfunction i the performance of normal activities

answer

syndrome

question

Because BWS and RTS are often difficult for the prosecution to integrate into a trial, many have advocated for testimony about post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). one reason why the use of this diagnosis proves to be more helpful in cases in which the victim kills the batterer is that

answer

PTSD is better established as mental disorder

question

Battered women syndrome (BWS) is employed by defendants who have used violence agains their abusers as a defense in situations when abuse victims have previously:

answer

injured or killed their abuser

question

according to the text, it is estimated that approximately ______ women will experience serious physical abuse that is described as significant

answer

one in five

question

statistics noted in the text indicate that the rate of the abuse against men is

answer

1 in 14

question

the text indicates that batterers are _______ to categorize because they represent a ______ group.

answer

difficult; diverse

question

Hypervigilance can best be described as

answer

heightened attentiveness to the abusers subtle behaviors

question

men are ______ to seriously injure/kill their female partners

answer

more likely

question

the DSM-IV-TR contains _____ among its classifications of mental disorders

answer

it contains none of these

question

The tension phase of the cycle of violence is often repented by _______, whereas the contrition phase is often represented by _____.

answer

arguing; a calm phase

question

PTSD was originally formulated to describe psychological symptoms experienced _______ returning from _______

answer

combat veterans; war in Vietnam

question

Judicial nullification instructions can best be described as an instruction that lets jurors know that they can ______a strict interpretation of the law if that legal interpretation would result in an unjust verdict.

answer

disregard.

question

Much research has demonstrated that victims of traumatic events _______ the episode.

answer

have vivid memories of

question

the repression hypothesis posits that traumatic memories can be maintained in the _____ for years

answer

unconscious.

question

according to research noted in the text, jurors that heard both adult hearsay witnesses and child testimony deemed to hearsay testimony:

answer

more credible

question

in some cases so-called memories of past abuse have surf by _____ of the alleged victim while under hypnosis or guided imagery.

answer

the suggestibility.

question

suggestive questions can best be described as

answer

including questions not volunteered by the child

question

only _____ states do not allow an exception to the hearsay rule when a child is the alleged victim

answer

9

question

according to the text, the use of an automatically detailed doll with children less than 5 yrs of age _____ the number of false allegations

answer

increased

question

the NICHD protocol provides guidelines for four different types of prompts. the types of promote include

answer

facilitator, invitation, cued invitation, and directive.

question

in a subsequent experiment, Hyman created other usual false events. The results of this study resulted in ______ of the participants.

answer

27%

question

according to the text, children who recant previous allegations of sexual abuse have been abused by a :

answer

parental figure

question

testifying about what someone lee said outside of court is called

answer

hearsay testimony

question

elizabeth loftus is well-known for her research on false memories. in one experiment, she created a memory in participants of being lost within a mall. of the participants in the experiments, ______remembered most or all the implanted event.

answer

25%

question

memories of abuse that are recalled by adults many years or decided after the alleged abuse or referred to as

answer

recovered memories

question

according to the text, children who suffer from child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome (CSAAS) are likely to show _____ behavioral symptoms.

answer

three

question

one reason why adult hearsay witness testimony may be perceived differently from that of a child is that

answer

adults are more confident in their testimony

question

hearsay testimony is sometimes admissible in trials where a child is an alleged victim because

answer

the idea that children, the victims, can deal with the individual who may have abused them face-to-face is unrealistic.

question

children suffering from CSAAS often delay disclosure of the abuse. the text notes three reasons why this may occur. which of the following is NOT discussed in the text as part of this behavior pattern?

answer

confusion

question

the concept of repression was developed by

answer

Freud

question

research has demonstrated that other techniques used in interviewing children in abuse case have proven to be helpful. these techniques include all except:

answer

asking the same questions more than once.

question

"tell me everything that happened" is an example of an open-ended request, which is considered a __________type of prompt.

answer

invitation.

question

it is important to avoid bias when interviewing a possible victim or witness. this is particularly true with children. one technique suggested in the text that may be used to avoid bias when interviewing is the NICHD investigative Interview Protocol. The NICDH Protocol aims to accomplish all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

utilize closed-ended questions.

question

A non-suggestive prompt to continue with an ongoing response, such as "OK" is which type of prompt?

answer

facilitator.

question

Research has shown that children_________sometimes have difficulty distinguishing between imagined and real events.

answer

under 5

question

Another way that children are able to testify in a case is through the use of a closed-circuit television (CCTV). Its use allows the judge and jury to see the child without exposing the alleged victim to the emotional trauma that may present itself while in the presence of the defendant. In the case of Marylan v. Craig, the Court decided that the ___________child_________the defendant's right to confront his or her accuser.

answer

need to protect; outweighs

question

Children who have been sexually abused may also display which of the following behaviors, according to research noted in the text?

answer

denial of abuse and recantation of allegations.

question

Requesting children who may have been abused to refocus their attention to details that have already been mentioned and then to use those details as cues for further investigation, is referred to as a(n):

answer

cued invitation.

question

Forgetting that occurs with the passage of time is referred to as:

answer

transience memory

question

When interviewing a child in an abuse case, it is often necessary to focus attention to information previously mentioned in order to extract more specific details. This outcome is often accomplished through using words such as "where", "when", "what", etc. This type of interviewer prompt is a(n)___________prompt.

answer

directive.

question

When reviewing testimony by children at trial, it appears that jurors are ___________to believe young children than adolescents.

answer

more likely

question

When a child is abused by a parental figure, a reason that the child may recant allegations of abuse may be because of lack of support from:

answer

the non-abusing parent.

question

When jurors change their minds through the compelling arguments of other jurors, this phenomenon is also referred to as:

answer

informal influence

question

the average compensatory amount for damages against corporate defendants is approximately

answer

$25,000

question

according to the text, jurors that heard negative pretrial publicity were more likely to judge the defendant as

answer

guilty

question

jurors that create chain of events are said to be utilizing the _____ of decision making

answer

story model

question

pretrial publicity sometimes is misremembered by jurors as having been presented

answer

at the trial

question

pre instructions given to a jury before the begging of a trial appear to provide a ____ that proves to be helpful to jurors in organizing information presented in trials

answer

schema

question

according to the text, the rate of sexual reoffense is _______ than that of other crimes

answer

not different

question

when evaluating risk assessment evidence, it has been found that jurors and judges may find _____ more appealing

answer

clinical predictions

question

static markers of future violent behavior are also called

answer

historial markers

question

according to the text, as of 2009, ________ states adopted sexually violent predator civil commitment laws (SVP laws).

answer

20

question

an idiographic, qualitative approach to the prediction of violent behavior is based on:

answer

a specific individual

question

three states have been responsible for over half the total executions in the united stats since 1976, they are

answer

Texas, Oklahoma, and Virginia

question

According to a report completed by Gookin (2007) nearly _____ sex offenders have been incarcerated as a result of the SVP law since 1990. of that number ______ have been released as of 2007.

answer

4,500; 494

question

placing someone in a psychiatric facility against his or her will is known as

answer

involuntary civil commitment

question

based on research done by Hanson & Morton-Bourgon (2005), the rate of recidivism for sex offenders is approximately

answer

17%

question

____________ was the first person to be subjected to the sexually violent predator civil commitment laws (SVP laws)

answer

Leroy Hendricks

question

________ is a method of prediction that requires that relevant risk factors be statistically evaluated to calculate the probability of future violence

answer

acturial prediction

question

an invididual who has a "recurrent, intense sexual urge or behavior involving seal activity with a prepubescent child or children" is classified as a

answer

pedophile

question

according to the text, rates of antisocial personality disorder in the general population are approximately ______, whereas the incidence of antisocial personality disorder in prison inmates is ______

answer

1-3%; up to 70%

question

community notification requiring states to make personal and private information and private information about known sex offenders available to the public is a result of the enactment of

answer

Megans Law

question

at its hight point, the number of ppl housed in menial asylums reached almost _____ individuals

answer

550,000

question

predictive markers that change over time are referred to as

answer

dynamic markers

question

The _______ is the probability that the defendant would commit an act of violence that would continue to threaten society

answer

future dangerousness standard

question

james ha a history of violent behavior. many times, he has demonstrated he has not mastered the ability to maintain control over his own emotions, thoughts, and behaviors. this inability is also known as

answer

impulsivity

question

cathy has been incarcerated because she has a history of physical and mental abuse of her stepchildren. as a result, she has been incarcerated for an extended period because she has the possibility of becoming violent, which is also known as

answer

preventative detention

question

a nomothetic, quantitative approach relies on characteristics identified in research

answer

on large groups of ppl.

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