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Inorganic Nutrients

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atom or molecule that contains a combination of atoms other than carbon and hydrogen - metals and their salts (MgSO4,FeNO3,NaPO4) gases (O2,CO2) and H2O

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Organic Nutrients

answer

contain carbon and hydrogen atoms and are usually the
products of living things
-methane (CH4), carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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Heterotroph

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an organism that must obtain carbon in an
organic form made by other living organisms such as proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids

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Autotroph

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an organism that uses CO2, an inorganic gas as its carbon source - not dependent on other living things

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Photoautotrophs

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Energy Source - Light Carbon Source - CO2

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Photoheterotrophs

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Energy Source - Light Carbon Source - Organic

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Chemoautotrophs or Lithotrophs

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Energy Source - Inorganic
compounds,ex. H2, NH3, NO2,H2S,CO2
Carbon Source - A few bacteria and many

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Macronutrients

answer

required in large quantities; play principal roles in cell structure & metabolism
? proteins, carbohydrates

question

Micronutrients or trace elements

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required in small amounts;
involved in enzyme function & maintenance of protein structure
? manganese, zinc, nickel

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3 groups of Microbes (based on Temp)

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1 Psychrophiles (-10 to 25 degree C)
2 Mesophiles (20 to 50 degree C)
3 Thermophiles (45 to 80 degree C)

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chemosynthesis:

answer

a means of converting inorganic hydrogen sulfide dissolved from rocks into food

question

Pyrite (fool's gold)

answer

iron-sulfur compound

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X-treme Microbe - eating radioactivity
What's the process?

answer

1) H2O is split by radioactivity into H2 + O
2) The detached O atoms combine with H2O to make H2O2(Hydrogen peroxide).
3) The peroxide then reactts with an iron-sulfur compound called pyrite (FeS2) producing sulfate ions (SO4) that the microbes can "eat."
4) Each SO4 is lacking 2 electrons which is supplied inside the organism by the leftover H2. The microbes use that reaction to store energy.

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Hypertonic

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High salt environment

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Halobacteria

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-lived in Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea
-absorb salt to make their cells isotonic with the environment

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isotonic

answer

Water concentration is equal inside and outside the cell; thus the rates of diffusion are equal in both direction.

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Hypotonic

answer

Net diffusion of water is into the cell; this swells the protoplast and pushes it tightly against the wall.

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Hypertonic

answer

Water diffuses out of the cell and shrinks the protoplast away from the cell wall; process is known as plasmolysis

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Only organism that produce ___ ___ are capable of living in O2

answer

Superoxide Desmutase (SOD)

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Obligate aerobes

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oxygen required

question

Facultative anaerobes

answer

can live in presence or absence of O2

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Obligate anaerobes

answer

dies in presence of O2; form superoxide radicals causing death of organism

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Microaerophiles

answer

oxygen required in low concentrations

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Aerobic (Growth in Semi-solid medium)

answer

top growth

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Mircoaerophilic (Growth in Semi-solid medium)

answer

growth just below surface

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Facultative Anaerobic (Growth in Semi-solid medium)

answer

growth throughout

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Aerotolerant Anaerobic (Growth in Semi-solid medium)

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some growth in O2

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Anaerobic (Growth in Semi-solid medium)

answer

bottom growth

question

Symbiotic

answer

organism live in close nutritional relationships; required by one or both members.

question

3 divisions of Symbiotic Associations

answer

1) Mutualism
2) Commensalism
3) Parasitism

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Mutualism

answer

Obligatory, dependent; both members benefit

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Commensalism

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The commensal benefits; other member not harmed

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Parasitism

answer

Parasite is dependent and get benefits; host harmed

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Nonsymbiotic

answer

Organisms are free-living; relationships not required for survival

question

2 divisions of Nonsymbiotic

answer

1) Synergism
2) Antagonism

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Synergism (nonsymbiotic)

answer

Members cooperate and share nutrients

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Antagonism (Nonsymbiotic)

answer

Some members are inhibited or destroyed by others.

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Trophosome

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feeding organ of the tube worm Riftia (the organ is filled with bacteria)

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Number of Cells = 2 to the power of n
n - number of generation
ex. 32 cells hass how many generations?

answer

5 because 2 to the power of 5 is 32

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Generation time

answer

the time required for a cell to divide and its population to double

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Growth curve

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1) Lag Phase
2) Log or Exponential Phase
3) Stationary Phase
4) Death or Logarithmic decline phase

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Lag Phase

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- cells increase in size
- No cell division
- Increase in metabolic activity
- Synthesis of cell components

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Log Phase (Exponential Phase)

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- cells dividing at a
constant,exponential maximal rate determined by the organism and
temperature
ex E.coli – 20 min.

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Stationary phase

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- Accumulation of waste products
- Exhaustion of nutrients
- Decreased growth rate
- Some cells are dying and
some growing – viable
count remains the same

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Death phase

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number of cells dying exceeds number
of new cells formed

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Subclinical
Clinical Symptoms
Death

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Subclinical - small inoculation
Clinical Symptoms - greater innoculum
Death - Large inoculum

it takes about 7 days for antibodies to appear

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Methane (CH4)

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A greenhouse gas and is produced by burning fossil fuel

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Quorom Sensing signaling molecules

answer

autoinducers

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Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients typically develop persistent ___ ____ lung infections that lead to lung failure.

answer

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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Microbial Control Method

answer

1)Physical Agents
2)Chemical Agents
3) Mechanical Removal Method

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2 divisions of Physical Agents(Microbial Control)

answer

1) Heat
2) Radiation

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Physical Agent Microbial Control(Heat: 2 ways)

answer

1) Dry (Incineration, Dry Oven)
2) Moist (Sterilization, Disinfectant)
Sterilization - steam under pressure
Disinfectant - boiling H2O, hot H2O, pasteurization

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Physical Agent Microbial Control (Radiation: 2 ways)

answer

1) Ionizing - x-ray;cathode,gamma - Sterilization

2) Nonionizing - UV (Disinfectant)

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Chemical Agents Microbial Control(2 ways)

answer

1) Gases (Sterilization,Disinfectant)
2) Liquid -
Animate - Antisepsis
Inanimate - Disinfection
Inanimate - Sterilization

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Mechanical removal methods(3 ways)

answer

1) Inanimate - Sterilization
2) Animate - Degermation
3) Air and Liquids - Filtration

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Disinfection

answer

The destruction of vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores. Usually used only on inanimate objects.

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Sterilization

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The complete removal or destruction of all viable microorganisms. Used on inanimate objects.
ex. Autoclave-steam under pressure or a sterilizing gas s.a. ethylene oxide

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Degermation

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Chemical and physical methods that reduce the microbial load on the skin. Ex. Mechanical scrubs

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Antisepsis

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Destruction of vegetative pathogens on living tissue ex Chemical anti-microbials

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Sanitation

answer

Lowers microbial counts on eating and drinking utensils to safe public levels. ex High temp washing or dipping into a chemical disinfectant

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Bacteristatic

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Inhibits the growth - certain antibiotic

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Bacteriocidal

answer

Kills the microorganisms

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Sepsis vs asepsis

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Bacterial contamination vs. free of pathogens

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Boiling or flowing steam

answer

Kills vegetative bacterial and fungal pathogens. Most virus with 10 min

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Autoclave - protein denaturation

answer

Most effective. 15 psi pressure at 121 oC. Kills all vegetative cells and
endospores in 15 minutes

question

Pasteurization

answer

Heat treatment for milk 72oC for 15
sec. Kills pathogens and most nonpathogens

question

Dry HEAT Hot-air (incineration or oxidation)

answer

Effective – 120oC for >2 hrs

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Filtration .22um

answer

Removes organisms

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Cold – Refrigeration

answer

Bacteriostatic effect decreased
chemical reactions

question

Lyophilization/dessication

answer

Most effective in Microbial Control

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Nonionizing UV (radiation desctruction of DNA)

answer

produced by electric currents passing through special lamps (e.g. mercury-vapor)
it is virtually nonpenetrating and is mainly used to disinfect air and
surfaces; waste water

question

ionizing (radiation destruction of DNA)

answer

Gamma rays and high energy electron beam (Drugs and medical supplies; food)

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Biguanides

answer

used in surgical hand scrubs
? Binds strongly to skin with low
toxicity
? Vegetative cells and viruses with
an envelope

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Halogens

answer

iodine and chloride
? Bacteria, spores, fungi and
viruses
? Chlorine active in water as it
forms hypochlorous acid
? 10% solution in contact with
organisms kills most

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Hypochlorous acid

answer

widely used to disinfect swimming pool and drinking water
as the molecule is very reactive with organic matter so it is quickly converted to the more persistent but much less
toxic chloramines

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Highest Resistance microbes

answer

Bacterial endospores

question

Moderate resistance

answer

? Pseudomonas sp.
? Mycobacterium tuberculosis
? Staphylococcus aureus
? Protozoan cysts

question

Least resistance microbes

answer

? most vegetative cells
? Fungal spores
? enveloped viruses
? Yeast
? Protozoan trophozoites

question

Ethylene oxide gas

answer

Alkylating agent - disinfectant used to sterilize heat-sensitive objects such as rubber and plastics

question

Phenolic compounds (lysol, carboloic acid)

answer

Antiseptics at low concentrations;
disinfectant at high concentration

question

Formaldehyde (8%)

answer

disinfectant; kills endospores

Lecture 5 Growth and Nutrition – Flashcards

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