Lecture 5 Growth and Nutrition – Flashcards
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| Photoautotrophs |
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| Energy Source - Light Carbon Source - CO2 |
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| Photoheterotrophs |
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| Energy Source - Light Carbon Source - Organic |
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| Chemoautotrophs or Lithotrophs |
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| Energy Source - Inorganic compounds,ex. H2, NH3, NO2,H2S,CO2 Carbon Source - A few bacteria and many |
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| Macronutrients |
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| required in large quantities; play principal roles in cell structure & metabolism ? proteins, carbohydrates |
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| Micronutrients or trace elements |
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| required in small amounts; involved in enzyme function & maintenance of protein structure ? manganese, zinc, nickel |
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| 3 groups of Microbes (based on Temp) |
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| 1 Psychrophiles (-10 to 25 degree C) 2 Mesophiles (20 to 50 degree C) 3 Thermophiles (45 to 80 degree C) |
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| chemosynthesis: |
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| a means of converting inorganic hydrogen sulfide dissolved from rocks into food |
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| Pyrite (fool's gold) |
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| iron-sulfur compound |
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| X-treme Microbe - eating radioactivity What's the process? |
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| 1) H2O is split by radioactivity into H2 + O 2) The detached O atoms combine with H2O to make H2O2(Hydrogen peroxide). 3) The peroxide then reactts with an iron-sulfur compound called pyrite (FeS2) producing sulfate ions (SO4) that the microbes can "eat." 4) Each SO4 is lacking 2 electrons which is supplied inside the organism by the leftover H2. The microbes use that reaction to store energy. |
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| Hypertonic |
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| High salt environment |
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| Halobacteria |
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| -lived in Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea -absorb salt to make their cells isotonic with the environment |
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| isotonic |
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| Water concentration is equal inside and outside the cell; thus the rates of diffusion are equal in both direction. |
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| Hypotonic |
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| Net diffusion of water is into the cell; this swells the protoplast and pushes it tightly against the wall. |
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| Hypertonic |
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| Water diffuses out of the cell and shrinks the protoplast away from the cell wall; process is known as plasmolysis |
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| Only organism that produce ___ ___ are capable of living in O2 |
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| Superoxide Desmutase (SOD) |
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| Obligate aerobes |
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| oxygen required |
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| Facultative anaerobes |
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| can live in presence or absence of O2 |
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| Obligate anaerobes |
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| dies in presence of O2; form superoxide radicals causing death of organism |
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| Microaerophiles |
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| oxygen required in low concentrations |
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| Aerobic (Growth in Semi-solid medium) |
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| top growth |
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| Mircoaerophilic (Growth in Semi-solid medium) |
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| growth just below surface |
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| Facultative Anaerobic (Growth in Semi-solid medium) |
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| growth throughout |
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| Aerotolerant Anaerobic (Growth in Semi-solid medium) |
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| some growth in O2 |
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| Anaerobic (Growth in Semi-solid medium) |
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| bottom growth |
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| Symbiotic |
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| organism live in close nutritional relationships; required by one or both members. |
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| 3 divisions of Symbiotic Associations |
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| 1) Mutualism 2) Commensalism 3) Parasitism |
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| Mutualism |
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| Obligatory, dependent; both members benefit |
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| Commensalism |
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| The commensal benefits; other member not harmed |
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| Parasitism |
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| Parasite is dependent and get benefits; host harmed |
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| Nonsymbiotic |
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| Organisms are free-living; relationships not required for survival |
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| 2 divisions of Nonsymbiotic |
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| 1) Synergism 2) Antagonism |
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| Synergism (nonsymbiotic) |
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| Members cooperate and share nutrients |
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| Antagonism (Nonsymbiotic) |
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| Some members are inhibited or destroyed by others. |
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| Trophosome |
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| feeding organ of the tube worm Riftia (the organ is filled with bacteria) |
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| Number of Cells = 2 to the power of n n - number of generation ex. 32 cells hass how many generations? |
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| 5 because 2 to the power of 5 is 32 |
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| Generation time |
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| the time required for a cell to divide and its population to double |
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| Growth curve |
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| 1) Lag Phase 2) Log or Exponential Phase 3) Stationary Phase 4) Death or Logarithmic decline phase |
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| Lag Phase |
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| - cells increase in size - No cell division - Increase in metabolic activity - Synthesis of cell components |
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| Log Phase (Exponential Phase) |
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| - cells dividing at a constant,exponential maximal rate determined by the organism and temperature ex E.coli – 20 min. |
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| Stationary phase |
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| - Accumulation of waste products - Exhaustion of nutrients - Decreased growth rate - Some cells are dying and some growing – viable count remains the same |
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| Death phase |
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| number of cells dying exceeds number of new cells formed |
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| Subclinical Clinical Symptoms Death |
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| Subclinical - small inoculation Clinical Symptoms - greater innoculum Death - Large inoculum it takes about 7 days for antibodies to appear |
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| Methane (CH4) |
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| A greenhouse gas and is produced by burning fossil fuel |
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| Quorom Sensing signaling molecules |
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| autoinducers |
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| Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients typically develop persistent ___ ____ lung infections that lead to lung failure. |
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| Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
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| Microbial Control Method |
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| 1)Physical Agents 2)Chemical Agents 3) Mechanical Removal Method |
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| 2 divisions of Physical Agents(Microbial Control) |
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| 1) Heat 2) Radiation |
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| Physical Agent Microbial Control(Heat: 2 ways) |
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| 1) Dry (Incineration, Dry Oven) 2) Moist (Sterilization, Disinfectant) Sterilization - steam under pressure Disinfectant - boiling H2O, hot H2O, pasteurization |
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| Physical Agent Microbial Control (Radiation: 2 ways) |
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| 1) Ionizing - x-ray;cathode,gamma - Sterilization 2) Nonionizing - UV (Disinfectant) |
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| Chemical Agents Microbial Control(2 ways) |
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| 1) Gases (Sterilization,Disinfectant) 2) Liquid - Animate - Antisepsis Inanimate - Disinfection Inanimate - Sterilization |
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| Mechanical removal methods(3 ways) |
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| 1) Inanimate - Sterilization 2) Animate - Degermation 3) Air and Liquids - Filtration |
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| Disinfection |
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| The destruction of vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores. Usually used only on inanimate objects. |
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| Sterilization |
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| The complete removal or destruction of all viable microorganisms. Used on inanimate objects. ex. Autoclave-steam under pressure or a sterilizing gas s.a. ethylene oxide |
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| Degermation |
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| Chemical and physical methods that reduce the microbial load on the skin. Ex. Mechanical scrubs |
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| Antisepsis |
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| Destruction of vegetative pathogens on living tissue ex Chemical anti-microbials |
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| Sanitation |
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| Lowers microbial counts on eating and drinking utensils to safe public levels. ex High temp washing or dipping into a chemical disinfectant |
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| Bacteristatic |
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| Inhibits the growth - certain antibiotic |
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| Bacteriocidal |
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| Kills the microorganisms |
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| Sepsis vs asepsis |
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| Bacterial contamination vs. free of pathogens |
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| Boiling or flowing steam |
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| Kills vegetative bacterial and fungal pathogens. Most virus with 10 min |
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| Autoclave - protein denaturation |
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| Most effective. 15 psi pressure at 121 oC. Kills all vegetative cells and endospores in 15 minutes |
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| Pasteurization |
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| Heat treatment for milk 72oC for 15 sec. Kills pathogens and most nonpathogens |
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| Dry HEAT Hot-air (incineration or oxidation) |
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| Effective – 120oC for >2 hrs |
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| Filtration .22um |
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| Removes organisms |
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| Cold – Refrigeration |
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| Bacteriostatic effect decreased chemical reactions |
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| Lyophilization/dessication |
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| Most effective in Microbial Control |
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| Nonionizing UV (radiation desctruction of DNA) |
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| produced by electric currents passing through special lamps (e.g. mercury-vapor) it is virtually nonpenetrating and is mainly used to disinfect air and surfaces; waste water |
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| ionizing (radiation destruction of DNA) |
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| Gamma rays and high energy electron beam (Drugs and medical supplies; food) |
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| Biguanides |
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| used in surgical hand scrubs ? Binds strongly to skin with low toxicity ? Vegetative cells and viruses with an envelope |
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| Halogens |
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| iodine and chloride ? Bacteria, spores, fungi and viruses ? Chlorine active in water as it forms hypochlorous acid ? 10% solution in contact with organisms kills most |
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| Hypochlorous acid |
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| widely used to disinfect swimming pool and drinking water as the molecule is very reactive with organic matter so it is quickly converted to the more persistent but much less toxic chloramines |
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| Highest Resistance microbes |
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| Bacterial endospores |
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| Moderate resistance |
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| ? Pseudomonas sp. ? Mycobacterium tuberculosis ? Staphylococcus aureus ? Protozoan cysts |
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| Least resistance microbes |
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| ? most vegetative cells ? Fungal spores ? enveloped viruses ? Yeast ? Protozoan trophozoites |
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| Ethylene oxide gas |
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| Alkylating agent - disinfectant used to sterilize heat-sensitive objects such as rubber and plastics |
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| Phenolic compounds (lysol, carboloic acid) |
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| Antiseptics at low concentrations; disinfectant at high concentration |
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| Formaldehyde (8%) |
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| disinfectant; kills endospores |
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