Question 1

Problem behavior in children can usually be dealt with effectively through

Accepted Answer

differential reinforcement

Question 2

Charles Madsen and his colleagues asked a teacher to _________. This change in teacher behavior produced a marked reduction in misconduct.

Accepted Answer

ignore misbehavior and praise students when they behaved well

Question 3

Wesley Becker suggests that parents should think of themselves as _________.

Accepted Answer

teachers

Question 4

Hopkins and Conard found that when teachers made a few simple changes in how they taught, changes that included a shift from reprimands and threats to praise and positive feedback, students advanced at ______ the normal rate in reading.

Accepted Answer

more than twice

Question 5

Skinner devised a mechanical teaching machine that divided the material to be learned into short segments called ________.

Accepted Answer

frames

Question 6

A highly effective web-based instructional program designed to teach reading that makes use of reinforcement and shaping is called _______.

Accepted Answer

Headsprout

Question 7

Skinner\'s teaching machines presented the student with some information, then asked a question. The reinforcer for answering correctly was _________.

Accepted Answer

the opportunity to move on to the next frame

Question 8

Tarpley and Schroeder attempted to reduce face-slapping in an 8-year-old boy by providing food when the boy played with a ball. The result was that face-slapping __________.

Accepted Answer

decreased by 90% in 40 minutes

Question 9

In the treatment of long-standing self-injurious behavior, punishment is often ________.

Accepted Answer

effective

Question 10

Lovaas and Simmons used punishment to reduce self-injurious behavior in a boy. Before treatment, this boy would hit himself at a rate of up to _______.

Accepted Answer

30 times a minute

Question 11

Carr and McDowell found that Jim\'s scratching was reinforced mainly by _______.

Accepted Answer

parental attention

Question 12

Jack is a homeless man who lives on the streets of New York City. One cold January night he takes up a position outside a fancy restaurant and starts shouting, \"God has ordered an equestrian invasion of Long Island.\" The restaurant owner calls the police and they take Jack to a hospital, where he spends a quiet night. You look into Jack\'s medical history and find that he _____________.

Accepted Answer

has been hospitalized for bizarre behavior in the winter more than in other seasons

Question 13

John gets into fights on a regular basis, always with formidable opponents. He has often been injured in these fights and knows that he runs the risk of sustaining serious brain damage or other permanent injuries, yet he continues to fight. John is a very successful professional boxer. This example illustrates that bizarre behavior _________.

Accepted Answer

is less puzzling when the reinforcers maintaining it are known

Question 14

Brad Alford\'s study of the man who thought he was followed by a witch is an example of ________.

Accepted Answer

an ABA design experiment

Question 15

___________ is the idea that any problem behavior that is eliminated through learning-based treatment will be replaced by a new problem behavior.

Accepted Answer

Symptom substitution

Question 16

Edward Taub\'s treatment of people with paralyzed limbs emerged from research with ___________.

Accepted Answer

monkeys

Question 17

Research suggests that bonuses based on employee performance can improve productivity ________.

Accepted Answer

and reduce company costs

Question 18

A study by John Austin and colleagues increased safe practices in roofers by providing those who followed safe practices at least 80% of the time with ________.

Accepted Answer

time off

Question 19

Your text describes the use of _______ to get a bull elephant to cooperate with having his toenails trimmed.

Accepted Answer

shaping

Question 20

Hal __________ pioneered the use of operant procedures to improve the quality of life of captive wild animals.

Accepted Answer

Rosenblatt

Question 21

Research demonstrates that when teachers provide positive consequences for good behavior and ignore minor misbehavior, the usual result is an increase in both good and bad behavior

Accepted Answer

false

Question 22

Eddie McNamara\'s study showed that praising students when they are \"on task\" does not increase the frequency of on-task behavior in adolescents.

Accepted Answer

false

Question 23

Efforts to treat stroke victims with paralyzed limbs have proved unsuccessful.

Accepted Answer

false

Question 24

The earliest experiments on observational learning were performed by ______.

Accepted Answer

E. L. Thorndike

Question 25

The first studies of observational learning ______.

Accepted Answer

failed to find evidence of observational learning in animals

Question 26

Learning is a change in behavior due to experience. In observational learning, the experience consists  of _______.

Accepted Answer

observing events and their consequences

Question 27

If an observer looks on as a model\'s behavior is reinforced, we speak of _______.

Accepted Answer

vicarious reinforcement

Question 28

Social observational learning may be defined as _________.

Accepted Answer

a change in behavior due to observing a model

Question 29

According to the author of your text, observational learning involves observing

Accepted Answer

events and their consequences

Question 30

Herbert and Harsh compared the behavior of cats that had observed a model perform an act 30 times with cats that had observed only 15 performances. They found that _________.

Accepted Answer

cats that observed 30 performances did substantially better than those that observed 15

Question 31

Ellen Levy and her colleagues found that children would imitate a model\'s reinforced preferences for _______.

Accepted Answer

pictures

Question 32

Kanfer and Marston found that college students imitated the reinforced word choices of models. In their study, the observers _______.

Accepted Answer

listened to models on a tape

Question 33

In a study by Hopper and colleagues, some observers watched a model slide a door and retrieve a desired item. Other observers saw the door slide in the absence of a model, revealing the desired item. The latter procedure is called the __________ condition.

Accepted Answer

ghost

Question 34

Lyons, Young, and Keil actively encouraged children not to imitate the acts of a model that were irrelevant to solving a problem. The result was that the children _________.

Accepted Answer

imitated the irrelevant acts

Question 35

The tendency to imitate modeled behavior even when doing so is not reinforced is called _______.

Accepted Answer

generalized imitation

Question 36

In the Thompson and Russell two-mat study, children who observed a model __________.

Accepted Answer

did better than those who did not observe a model

Question 37

Jill is an impressionable 17-year-old college freshman with average academic skills. She lives in the college dorms with two roommates. One of them, Martha, is bright, attractive,popular, rich, and a local celebrity because of her singing; she seldom studies. Jill\'s other roommate, Ann, is also bright, but has only a few friends, wears inexpensive clothes, and plays the tuba poorly; she studies all the time. On the basis of what you know about observational learning, you predict that Jill will ______.

Accepted Answer

flunk out

Question 38

Fisher and Harris found that observers learned more when a model _______.

Accepted Answer

frowned and shook her head

Question 39

Judith Fisher and Mary Harris found that if a model wore an eye patch, observers learned _______.

Accepted Answer

more from the model\'s behavior

Question 40

You hear on the radio that Smash, the most popular rock music performer in Germany, has killed himself. He left a note (\"Goodbye, cruel world\"). You predict that _______.

Accepted Answer

there will be a rash of suicides or suicidal gestures among German rock music fans

Question 41

The influence of literary models on behavior was seen in the 18th century with the publication of _________.

Accepted Answer

The Sorrows of Young Werther

Question 42

The learning history of observers has a powerful influence on what they learn from models. This is illustrated by the fact that chimpanzees that have had __________ training get more from observing a model than those that have not.

Accepted Answer

language

Question 43

Primatologist Elizabeth Lornsdorf found that wild young female chimps are more likely than males to learn about __________ .

Accepted Answer

termite fishing

Question 44

Those who are most likely to learn from observing a model are probably _______.

Accepted Answer

adults

Question 45

Whether children imitate an aggressive model depends largely on ________.

Accepted Answer

whether the model\'s behavior is reinforced or punished

Question 46

Keith and Catherine Hayes found that their adoptee, Viki, learned more from observing models than some children of about the same age. This was surprising because Viki was a _________.

Accepted Answer

chimpanzee

Question 47

In Bandura\'s theory of observational learning, steps taken during observation to improve later recall of a model\'s behavior are called ________.

Accepted Answer

retentional processes

Question 48

Of the following terms, the one most associated with Bandura\'s theory is ________.

Accepted Answer

retentional processes

Question 49

The operant learning model of observational learning takes the _________.

Accepted Answer

natural science approach

Question 50

A panel of experts reviewed studies on the influence of violence depicted on television and in films on the aggressive behavior of children. They found that the evidence for a causal connection between viewing such violence and aggressive behavior was _______.

Accepted Answer

overwhelming

Question 51

If an observer watches a well-trained model perform a response, the procedure is not really observational learning.

Accepted Answer

false

Question 52

The Herbert and Harsh study found that cats that had observed a model perform 30 times did no better than those that had observed a model perform 15 times.

Accepted Answer

false

Question 53

All studies of observational learning involve learning to solve a problem or perform a skill.

Accepted Answer

false

Question 54

In the study by Thompson and Russell, there was a toy on a mat, but it was out of reach. Children learned to retrieve the toy by observing a model who pulled the mat closer.

Accepted Answer

false

Question 55

Observing a model is particularly helpful if the task involved is easy.

Accepted Answer

false

Question 56

The research of Rosekrans and Hartup on aggression suggests that if a model\'s behavior is sometimes reinforced and sometimes punished, it is more likely to be imitated than if it is consistently reinforced.

Accepted Answer

false

Question 57

Little of classroom learning is observational.

Accepted Answer

false

Question 58

Alan Kazdin found that praising attentiveness in one child actually reduced the attentiveness in another child.

Accepted Answer

false

Question 59

Howard studied hard for his math test and found that what he learned helped him on his physics test. Howard benefited from ______.

Accepted Answer

generalization

Question 60

Generalization is sometimes called _________.

Accepted Answer

transfer

Question 61

Response maintenance can be considered generalization across _________.

Accepted Answer

time

Question 62

The tendency of changes in one behavior to spread to other behaviors is called __________ generalization.

Accepted Answer

response

Question 63

You test Mary\'s drawing ability by having her draw fruit, animals, landscapes, and houses. Mary then takes a drawing class in which she learns to draw human figures. You decide to test Mary again to see if her drawing ability has improved. You predict that if she shows any improvement at all it will be at drawing _______.

Accepted Answer

animals

Question 64

The kind of generalization your text focuses on is ______.

Accepted Answer

stimulus generalization

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