Language and Problem Solving Test – Flashcards
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An algorithm is a guiding rule used to solve problems or make decisions.
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False
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Research indicates that individuals often assume that all numerical information included in a problem should contribute to the solution.
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True
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Underextension in language occurs when a child incorrectly uses one word to describe other objects or actions that are similar to that word.
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False
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Morphemes are the smallest distinctive sound units in a language.
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False
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B. F. Skinner claimed that the nativist theory accurately explains the process of language development.
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False
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Daniel has decided to drive to work instead of taking the bus because of a recent publicized bus crash that has caused him to overestimate the incidence of such disasters. His decision is most likely being influenced by the __________.
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B. availability heuristic
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A representativeness heuristic involves making a prediction about an event based on how similar it is to the norm.
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False
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The symbols used in language have no direct relationship between the word and the object or idea.
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True
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Evaluating the solution is the last step of the problem solving process.
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True
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The ability to learn new words after being exposed to it once is __________.
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D. fast mapping
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Which problem solving strategy looks at every possible alternative?
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B. algorithm
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John was asked to solve a series of six math problems. He was able to solve the first five problems using a specific sequence of operations. John got stuck on the sixth problem because the solution he used before did not work. John is most likely experiencing __________.
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A. mental set
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Roxanne's Italian teacher was talking about how adjectives are placed after the noun, unlike in English. The teacher is instructing the students in the __________ of Italian.
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D. syntax
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Individuals tend to make decisions with the elimination-by-aspects strategy as choices become more simple.
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False
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Losing 50 dollars may affect one's level of happiness more than winning 50 dollars. This illustrates the concept of __________ aversion.
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A. loss
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Confirmation bias is the tendency to solve problems using one specific approach, even if other ways might be better.
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False
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The tendency to have more confidence in judgment and decisions than one should, based on probability or past experience is __________.
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B. overconfidence
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What heuristic estimates the probability of something occurring based on how easily one recalls relevant occurrences of the event?
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D. availability
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The belief that the odds of two events occurring together are greater than the odds of either event occurring alone is the __________.
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D. conjunction fallacy
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Once beliefs are formed, it often takes stronger evidence to change them than it did to create them.
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True
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Evaluating the solution is the last step of the problem solving process.
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True
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Adults are less affected by functional fixedness than younger children.
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False
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When individuals attempt to use old strategies that do not work when solving new problems, they are __________.
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D. experiencing mental set
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John was asked to solve a series of six math problems. He was able to solve the first five problems using a specific sequence of operations. John got stuck on the sixth problem because the solution he used before did not work. John is most likely experiencing __________.
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A. mental set
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Which problem solving strategy looks at every possible alternative?
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B. algorithm
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Reproductive thinking produces solutions that are novel and creative.
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False
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The ability to learn new words after being exposed to it once is __________.
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D. fast mapping
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There is strong empirical support indicating that learning two languages interferes with effective cognitive development.
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False
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According to the __________ theories, nature and nurture are both important to language development.
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D. interactionist
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Some researchers suggest that primates are able to do all of the following except __________.
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A. master rules of syntax
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Overregularization of words is a common error among children.
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True
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When a child uses the word "cat" to refer to the family cat but not any other cats, __________ occurs.
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B. overextension
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How many morphemes are there in the word "bats"?
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B. two
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Which of the following statements about language is true?
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C. Languages use spoken sounds, written words, and signs to represent ideas and events.
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__________, which varies among languages, is the set of rules for arranging words into sentences.
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C. Syntax
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A word's meaning consists of denotation and connotation.
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True
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Roxanne's Italian teacher was talking about how adjectives are placed after the noun, unlike in English. The teacher is instructing the students in the __________ of Italian.
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D. syntax
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The only modes of communication are through the spoken and written word.
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False
