Lab Practical – Flashcards

Bacillus anthracis

• Kingdom (domain): Monera (prokaryote)
• Common Name: Anthrax
• Etiology: Direct contact with endospores or live bacteria
• Tx: B-lactamase antibiotics like Penicillin
• Notes: 3 types - cutaneous, pulmonary, and GI
  

Anabeana

• Kingdom (domain): Monera (archaea)
• Common Name: Cyanobacteria (Blue green algae)
• Etiology: N/A
• Tx: N/A
• Notes: responsible for the first formation of the Earth's early atmosphere; makes O2; energy from light; Nitrogen fixers
  

Clostridium tetani

• Kingdom (domain): Monera (prokaryote)
• Common Name: Tetanus
• Etiology: Enters through wound in the skin (i.e. rusty nail)
  
• Tx: Tetanus vaccine
  
• Notes: Death through permanent contraction of muscles; defining characteristic = terminal - endospores
  

Streptococcus pneumoniae

• Kingdom (domain): Monera (prokaryote)
• Common Name: Strep
• Etiology: Bacterial meningitis, also pneumonia spreads via respiratory droplets
  
• Tx: Pneumonococcal vaccine
  
• Notes: Alpha - hemolytic; "long chains"
  

Paramecium caudatum

• Kingdom (domain): Protista (eukaryote)
  
• Common Name: Paramecium
• Etiology: N/A
• Tx: N/A
• Notes: Paramecium eats bacteria
  

Bacterium Model

• Nucleoid = cranberry red tangled mass in the center
  
• Flagellum = pipe cleaner on one end
• Fimbriae = short plastic projections off model
  
• Cell membrane = egg yolk yellow inner line
• Cell wall = wide green space
• Glycocalyx = outside layer
• Ribosomes = blue dots
  

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

• Kingdom (domain): Fungi (eukaryote)
• Common Name: Baker's Yeast
• Etiology: N/A
• Tx: N/A
• Notes: Bread, beer, and crackers are products; this is a "model organism" for biotechnology and genetic research
  

Corynebacterium diptheriae

• Kingdom (domain): Monera (prokaryote)
• Common Name: Diphtheria
• Etiology: Spread by direct contact or droplet transmission
  
• Tx: DPT vaccine, Diphtheria toxoid vaccine
  
• Notes: Streptobacilli
  

Rhizopus sporangium

• Kingdom (domain): Fungi (eukaryote)
• Common Name: Black bread mold
• Etiology: N/A
• Tx: N/A
• Notes: found in bread and fruit
  

Staphylococcus aureus

• Kingdom (domain): Monera (prokaryote)
• Common Name: Staph
• Etiology: Direct contact through humans and pets
  
• Tx: Vancomycin or Clindamycin
  
• Notes: MRSA and VRSA, resistant strains; "bunches of grapes"
  

Trypanasoma brucei gambiense

• Kingdom (domain): Protista (eukaryote)
• Common Name: Trypanasoma
• Etiology: Africa Sleeping Sickness
  
• Tx: No cure, only prevention
  
• Notes: x2 hosts - Tsetse fly and humans
  

Bacterial flagella

• Kingdom (domain): Monera (prokaryote)
• Common Name: Flagella (this arrangement is amphitrichous)
• Etiology: N/A
• Tx: N/A
• Notes: Learn all four types...!
  Monotrichous = one flagellum at end
  Lophotrichous = clump of flagella called a tuft at one end
  Amphitrichous = flagella at 2 ends of the cell
  Peritrichous = flagella covering entire cell
  

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

• Kingdom (domain): Monera (prokaryote)
• Common Name: Gonorrhoeae, the clapp - French derivative of "clapoir" meaning brothel
• Etiology: STD, direct contact
  
• Tx: Penicillin or Ceftriaxone
  
• Notes: Foul smelling purulent discharge
  

Plasmodium vivax

• Kingdom (domain): Protista (eukaryote)
• Common Name: N/A
• Etiology: Cause malaria
  
• Tx: Chloroquine
• Notes: Carried by female anopheles misquito; apicomplexan (nonmotile - with Schizogony life cycle)
  

Tapeworm proglottids

• Kingdom (domain): Animalia (eukaryote)
• Common Name: Tapeworm
• Etiology: Various fecal / oral
  
• Tx: Praziquantel - antihelminthic
  
• Notes: Proglottids are shed in feces; gravid = full of eggs
  

Schistosoma japonicum

• Kingdom (domain): Animalia (eukaryote)
• Common Name: Human blood fluke: origin from China
• Disease it causes: Schistosomiasis
  
• Tx: Praziquantel (a quinalene derivative)
  
• Notes: eggs are released in feces, they form miracidia which then infects a snail where sporocysis forms during asexual reproduction; then circaria are shed into the environment - this penetrates the host; these migrate to the mesentaric veins where they mate and lay eggs; the eggs die and calcify leading to fatal tissue damage; then the process starts over
  Schist = groove where the female and male blood fluke bind together
  

Ancylostoma caninum

• Kingdom (domain): Animalia (eukaryote)
• Common Name: Dog hookworm
• Etiology: Penetrate skin, moves from circulatory to digestive system
  
• Tx: Albendazole
  
• Notes: Diagnosis is hookworm eggs in stool
  

Taenia solium

• Kingdom (domain): Animalia (eukaryote)
• Common Name: Pork tapeworm
• Etiology: Consuming uncooked pork, ingesting gravid (egg-filled) proglottids
  
• Tx: Praziquantel (PZQ)
  
• Notes: Size, 2m - 30m
  

Enterobius vermicularis

• Kingdom (domain): Animalia (eukaryote)
• Common Name: Human pin worm
• Etiology: Direct human transmission, fecal - oral route
  
• Tx: Albendazole
  
• Notes: Common s/s is perianal itching
  

Supra family - Pulicoidea

• Kingdom (domain): Animalia (eukaryote)
• Common Name: Flea
• Etiology: Direct contact (bite); transmits Bubonic plague, Rickettsia typhi
  
• Tx: Permethrin lufenuron
  
• Notes: Can become settled in hair in 10 minutes
  

Echinococcus granulosus

• Kingdom (domain): Animalia (eukaryote)
• Common Name: Hyatid worm (dog tape worm)
• Etiology: Fecal - oral route between sheep and dogs
  
• Tx: Surgery to remove cysts
  
• Notes: Hyatid cysts form from this tapeworm
  

Anopheles mosquito

• Kingdom (domain): Animalia (eukaryote)
• Common Name: Mosquito
• Etiology: Carries plasmodium vivax - the causative agent of malaria
  
• Tx: Insecticides, prevention
  
• Notes: Heartguard for dogs (Ivermectin)
  

Rhipicephalus sanguineus

• Kingdom (domain): Animalia (eukaryote)
• Common Name: Brown dog tick
• Etiology: Parasite,  feed on blood from animals
  
• Tx: Good personal hygiene and prevention with clothes and insect repellant
  
• Notes: Can transmit RMSF in humans
  

Diphyllobothrium latum

• Kingdom (domain): Animalia (eukaryote)
• Common Name: Broad fish tape worm
• Etiology: Complicated life cycle with one or more intermediate hosts
  
• Tx: Praziquantel (PZQ)
  
• Notes: Scolex
  

Pediculus humanus

• Kingdom (domain): Animalia (eukaryote)
• Common Name: Human body louse
• Etiology: Direct contact with hair, clothing, or bedding
  
• Tx: Good personal hygiene, Permethrin
  
• Notes: Common human parasite; cause trench fever in poverty stricken areas
  

Bubonic plague

Flea

Yersinia pestis

Clostridium botulinum

(30mg can kill everyone)

Plasmodium falciparum

Mal-aria = bad air; "Swamp smells"

Hans Christian Gram

India Ink