question

2 keys to good images

answer

vividness and controllability

question

PETTLEP imagery program

answer

- physical nature of the movement - environment - type of task - timing of the movement - learning the content of the movement - emotion - perspective

question

4 areas in which imagery can affect various aspects of sport performance

answer

1. motor learning and performance 2. strategies and problem solving 3. motivation, self-confidence, anxiety 4. pain management

question

tips and guidelines for implementing a successful imagery training program

answer

- practice in many settings - aim for relaxed concentration - establish realistic expectations - use vivid and controllable images - use specific situations - maintain positive focus - use video or audio - include both execution and outcome - include timing

question

for imagery to be effective, it should be built into....

answer

the daily routine

question

the first step in developing an imagery program is...

answer

evaluating the athlete's imagery skills

question

the belief that you can successfully perform a desired behavior

answer

self-confidence

question

expecting something to happen actually help cause it to happen

answer

self-fulfilling prophecy

question

the ABCs of sport psychology

answer

attitudes, behaviors, and cognitions

question

relationship between confidence and performance

answer

- inverted - U with the highest point skewed to the right

question

Sport Confidence Model

answer

- Constructs - multidimensional - sources - consequences - factors influencing - organizational, demographic, and personality

question

positive expectations and performance

answer

positive expectations for success have been shown to produce positive effects

question

sequence of events that occur in athletic settings to explain the expectation-performance relationship

answer

1. Coaches Form Expectations 2. Coaches' Expectations Influence their Behaviors 3. Coaches affect athlete's performance 4. Athlete's Performances Confirm the Coaches' Expectations

question

expectations that come from an individual's race, physical size, sex, or socioeconomic status

answer

person cues

question

judgments based off past accomplishments, skill tests, practice behaviors, etc.

answer

performance information

question

frequency and quality of coach-athlete interaction

answer

- coach spend more time with high-expectation athletes because he expects more of them - coach shows more warmth and positive affect toward high-expectation athletes

question

the perception of one's ability to perform a task successfully

answer

self-efficacy

question

individuals' beliefs in their capability to learn a new skill

answer

learning efficacy

question

individuals' belief that they are competent decision makers

answer

decision-making efficacy

question

individuals' beliefs in their ability to cope in the face of perceived threated

answer

coping efficacy

question

individuals' beliefs in conveying a desired impression to others

answer

self-presentational efficacy

question

individuals' beliefs in the ability of others

answer

other efficacy

question

provides a model for studying the effects of self-confidence on sport performance, persistence, and behavior

answer

self-efficacy theory

question

the most dependable foundation for self-efficacy judgments

answer

performance accomplishments

question

how does vicarious experiences increase self-efficacy

answer

if one sees another person accomplish a skill, they will have more confidence that they too can accomplish the task

question

4 stage process of modeling (vicarious experiences)

answer

1. attention 2. retention 3. motor reproduction 4. motivation

question

self-efficacy was particularly critical in predicting exercise in....

answer

older sedentary adults

question

the most powerful way to build confidence

answer

performance accomplishments - manipulate situations that allowed participants to succeed and have a seen of accomplishment

question

ACT acronym when dealing with emotions

answer

- accept - accept the bad feelings of a poor performance. Own them rather than suppress them - center - center yourself physically through confident posture and deep breathing think - use your prepared self-talk. focus your thoughts on controllable things

question

a personalized plan for an athlete that contains various types of goals and goal strategies as well as a systematic evaluation procedure got assessing progress towards goals

answer

goal mapping

question

the most critical factor in affecting anxiety and performance

answer

self-confidence

question

Benefits of self-confidence

answer

- reduces anxiety - brings positive emotions - facilitates concentration - affects the setting and pursuit of challenging goals - increases effort

question

According to recent research on the "hot hand" in basketball, if a coach needed to choose a player to take the last critical shot, he should choose a. the player who has the hot hand b. It doesn't matter whom he chooses. c. the player with the hot hand who is also generally a good shooter d. the player with the hot hand who is generally not a good shooter e. the player who has the weakest defender on him

answer

a

question

According to Rosenthal and Jacobson's study on teachers' expectancies and students' performances, a. children identified as "late bloomers" exhibited the greatest gains in IQ b. teachers' expectations were not related to IQ scores c. children identified as "late bloomers" exhibited the slightest gains in IQ d. males had higher gains in IQ than females did e. females had higher gains in IQ scores than males did

answer

c

question

According to the study by Nelson and Furst on arm wrestling and expectations, a. objectively weaker subjects who expected to win actually did win more often than stronger subjects who expected to lose b. objectively stronger subjects won regardless of expectations c. objectively weaker subjects won regardless of expectations d. expectations were a better predictor of success than actual strength was e. a and d

answer

e

question

Coaches often form expectations of athletes based on a. performance information and media reports b. performance information and person cues c. person cues and media reports d. scouting and media reports e. person cues and scouting reports

answer

b

question

Coaching efficacy is composed of all of the following areas except a. game strategy b. playing experience c. motivation d. technique e. character building

answer

b

question

Collective efficacy refers to a. each individual's perception of the efficacy of the team as a whole b. the aggregate of each individual's own self-efficacy c. the coach's view of the efficacy of the team as a whole d. the belief that the team can win the championship e. the belief that coaches have in athletes and athletes have in coaches

answer

a

question

Confidence is usually defined by sport psychologists as the a. belief that you can successfully perform a desired behavior b. inner self c. equivalent of self-esteem d. belief that you can do anything you desire if you set your mind to it e. a and c

answer

a

question

McAuley and colleagues conducted a study investigating efficacy and adherence for 60-80 year-old exercisers over a 12-month period. The participants were asked periodically about their efficacy-related adherence (belief that they would be able to adhere to the exercise program for the upcoming 3 months). When did these exercisers exhibit the LOWEST level of efficacy-related adherence a. at the beginning of the program b. at the end of the 12 month program c. after 3 months d. after 6-months e. after 9-months

answer

b

question

Research has indicated that live and filmed modeling increases self-efficacy in muscular-endurance tasks. This is an example of a. verbal persuasion b. vicarious experiences c. performance accomplishments d. emotional arousal e. parental expectations

answer

b

question

Self-efficacy has been used interchangeably with a. self-esteem b. self-confidence c. self-motivation d. self-concept e. self-fulfilling prophecy

answer

b

question

The four-step process concerning the formation of a coach's expectations and their effects on the coach's and athlete's behavior signifies that a. coaches should continually reevaluate an athlete's ability throughout the season b. coaches should carefully monitor their quantity and quality of reinforcement and instructional feedback c. coaches should rely on one source to make ability judgments d. a and b e. a and c

answer

d

question

The probable reason that approximately a dozen runners broke the 4-minute barrier within one year after Roger Bannister originally did was their a. enhanced training procedures b. improved equipment c. faster tracks d. expectations that it could be done e. superior coaching

answer

b

question

The strongest and most dependable information on which to base self-efficacy judgments comes from a. vicarious experiences b. performance accomplishments c. emotional states d. verbal persuasion e. physiological states

answer

b

question

Which of the following is true regarding judges' knowing a skater beforehand? a. Judges' knowledge of the skater did not affect their scoring. b. Skaters who were known to judges were ranked higher than skaters not known to judges. c. Skaters known to judges received higher artistic marks than skaters not known to judges. d. a and c e. b and c

answer

b

question

Which of the following is (are) true? a. Coaches spend more time with high-expectancy athletes. b. Coaches show more positive affect to high-expectancy athletes. c. Coaches spend more time with low-expectancy athletes. d. a and b e. b and c

answer

d

question

Which of the following is (are) true? a. Low-expectancy athletes exhibit lower performances due to less effective reinforcement and playing time. b. Low-expectancy athletes attribute their failures to lack of effort. c. Low-expectancy athletes attribute their failures to lack of ability. d. a and c e. a and b

answer

d

question

Which of the following is (are) NOT a recommendation(s) provided by Horn regarding expectations of coaches? a. Coaches should interact infrequently with athletes. b. Coaches should respond to skill errors with immediate criticism. c. Coaches should try to create a mastery-oriented environment. d. a and b e. b and c

answer

d

question

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of confidence? a. positive emotions b. effort c. concentration d. goals e. visualization

answer

e

question

Which of the following is (are) NOT a major source(s) of self-efficacy? a. parental expectations b. performance accomplishments c. emotional arousal d. vicarious experiences e. a and d

answer

a

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the components of the model of sport confidence? a. sources of sport confidence b. constructs of sport confidence c. factors influencing sport confidence d. controllability of sport confidence e. factors affecting sport confidence

answer

d

question

goals that focus on attaining a specific standard of proficiency on a task, usually within a specific time

answer

objective goals

question

goals that are general statements of intent that are not measurable

answer

subjective goals

question

type of goal typically focused on competitive results

answer

outcome goals

question

type of goal focused on achieving standards or performance objectives independently of other competitors, usually on the basis of comparison with one's own previous performance

answer

performance goals

question

type of goal focused on the actions an individual must engage in during performance to execute or perform well

answer

process goals

question

which type of goal is best?

answer

combination of all three

question

which types of goals brought about the best performances

answer

- moderately to very difficult - both short and long term

question

do male or females set goals more often?

answer

females

question

the view that goals lead to changes in psychological factors, which then influence performance

answer

indirect thought-process view

question

direct mechanist view of goal setting

answer

1. goals direct attention to important elements of the skills being performed 2. goals mobilize performer efforts 3. goals prolong performer persistence 4. goals foster the development of new learning strategies

question

what does it mean to set specific goals

answer

- should be stated in measurable terms that relate to behavior

question

what does it mean to set moderately difficult, but realistic goals

answer

must be difficult enough to challenge a participant, yet realistic enough that they can be achieved

question

why are both long and short term goals necessary?

answer

long term goals give direction whereas short term goals serve intermediate steps that lead to the long term goal

question

which type of goals were almost always made in practice?

answer

process goals

question

the attainment of specific standards of group proficiency, usually within a specified time

answer

group goals

question

6 principles of effective team goal setting

answer

- establish long-term goals - establish clear paths of short-term goals en route to long term goals - involve all members of the team in establishing team goals - monitor progress toward team goals - reward progress made toward team goals - foster collective team confidence or efficacy concerning team goals

question

3 stages of a goal-setting program

answer

1. preparation and planning 2. education and acquisition 3. implementation and goal follow-up evaluation

question

the number reason to set goals

answer

maintain focus

question

individual vs team goals

answer

there should be individual goals if they match up with the overall and consistency of the team goals

question

SMART Goals

answer

Specific measurable action oriented realistic timely self-determined

question

common problems in setting goals

answer

- convincing people to set goals - setting to many goals too soon - failure to adjust goals - failure to set performance goals

question

According to Snyder, hope involves having a realistic goal and a. having a very difficult goal b. being able to reach the goal c. having a high level of concentration d. having a low level of anxiety e. having the self-talk to support it

answer

b. being able to reach the goal

question

According to the research of Burton et al (2013) investigating personality and goal setting what type of athletes were best at using goal setting? a. outcome-oriented b. performance-oriented c. narcissistic d. perfectionist-oriented e. scoring high on each of the Big Five personality traits

answer

b. performance-oriented

question

According to the text, goals should be a. extremely difficult so that only 10% of your players can reach them b. easy enough to achieve so that self-esteem is enhanced c. difficult enough to be a challenge, yet realistic enough to achieve d. set to the same value (e.g., the same score, the same time) for everyone on the same team so that no one is singled out as a favorite e. c and d

answer

c. difficult enough to be a challenge, yet realistic enough to achieve

question

Burton (1989a), in a study of basketball skills, found that a. general goals were just as effective as specific goals b. goal setting was effective for all tasks c. short-term goals were more effective than long-term goals d. goal setting enhanced performance better on low- as compared with high-complexity tasks e. goal setting improved performance more for the subjects who were told to "do their best" than for those who were told "improve 15%"

answer

d. goal setting enhanced performance better on low- as compared with high-complexity tasks

question

Directing a performer's attention to important elements of a skill is a. one way in which goal setting can influence performance b. one indirect thought process that explains goal setting's impact on athletes c. not really a part of a systematic goal-setting program because most athletes can direct their own attention appropriately d. the same thing as mobilizing the athlete's effort e. b and c

answer

a. one way in which goal setting can influence performance

question

Focusing on performance (as opposed to outcome goals) during competition has been shown to be associated with _____ anxiety and _____ performance. a. more; poorer b. less; superior c. more; superior d. less; poorer e. none of the above

answer

b. less; superior

question

Having a goal to win the race is an example of a(n) _____ goal, whereas having a goal to "improve my best time" is an example of a(n) ______ goal. a. outcome; performance b. process; outcome c. outcome; ego-oriented d. subjective; objective e. a and c

answer

a. outcome; performance

question

In an attempt to build hope, Gould and colleagues created the Power 4W program. Which of the following is NOT one of the Power 4W components? a. want power b. wish power c. wade power d. will power e. way power

answer

c. wade power

question

In developing a goal-setting program, it is important for individuals to set a. only performance goals b. performance and process goals c. process and outcome goals d. process, performance, and outcome goals e. performance and outcome goals

answer

d. process, performance, and outcome goals

question

It is important to _____ throughout the entire goal-setting process. a. provide feedback b. provide support c. provide encouragement d. reevaluate goals e. all of the above

answer

e. all of the above

question

It is recommended that appropriate goals be a. short-term only b. long-term only c. a combination of short- and long-term d. short-term early in the season, then long-term midway through the season e. either short-term or long-term depending on the way you phrase your generalized goals

answer

c. a combination of short- and long-term

question

Mullen and Hardy (2010) found that the most effective types of goals that helped athletes overcome the negative effects of anxiety on performance were a. outcome goals b. performance-oriented goals c. movement focused process goals d. long-term goals e. combination of short- and long-term goals

answer

c. movement focused process goals

question

Simply telling an athlete to "do your best" is a. fine for younger kids b. effective when the sport is well learned c. not specific enough d. effective for developing an athlete's commitment e. all of the above

answer

c. not specific enough

question

Studies of goal setting in business have concluded that a. although goals work in some situations, more often than not, specific goals are not better than "do your best" goals b. it does not matter how difficult your goals are-any goal will be effective c. goal setting works very well d. goal setting is effective but only when the goals are easy e. outcome goals produce better performance than performance goals

answer

c

question

The mechanistic explanation for the effectiveness of goal setting includes a. directing the performer's attention to important elements of a skill b. mobilizing effort and increasing persistence by providing incentives c. the development and employment of new learning strategies d. all of the above e. a and b

answer

d. all of the above

question

The phrase "out of sight, out of mind" is a reminder to a. write your goals down and place them where they can be easily seen b. write your goals down and put them secretly away, only to be reread at the end of the season c. use visualization when you set your performance goals d. sign a behavioral contract with your coach or parents, which should be placed in a drawer (or some safe place) and reevaluated once a year e. constantly use self-talk while competing to refresh your memory of your goal

answer

a. write your goals down and place them where they can be easily seen

question

Which of the following (according to research by Filby and colleagues) would produce the best performance? a. performance goals b. process goals c. outcome goals d. a combination of goals e. subjective goals

answer

d. a combination of goals

question

Which of the following is NOT a common obstacle in setting goals? a. It is too time consuming. b. There are previous negative experiences in setting goals. c. Goals are too unstructured. d. a and c e. b and c

answer

c. goals are too unstructured

question

Which of the following is (are) a common problem(s) when setting goals? a. setting too few goals b. failing to adjust goals c. failing to recognize individual differences d. b and c e. a and b

answer

d. b and c

question

Which of the following is (are) true regarding goal-setting practices of high school and collegiate coaches? a. The most important part of goal commitment is goal specificity. b. Coaches were consistent in writing down their goals. c. The only disadvantage noted was setting goals unrealistically high. d. a and b e. a and c

answer

c. The only disadvantage noted was setting goals unrealistically high.

question

immediate and possibly, but not necessarily, temporary effects arising from a single bout of exercise

answer

acute effects

question

long time effects of exercise

answer

chronic effects

question

what type of intensity exercise produced the greatest positive effects in affective responses

answer

moderate-intensity

question

are longer or shorter training programs more effective in producing positive changes in well-being

answer

longer

question

reduction in state anxiety and depression after aerobic exercise may be achieved with exercise intensities between what heart rates?

answer

30% and 70% of maximal heart rate

question

reduction in state anxiety and depression after anaerobic exercise can be achieved with exercise intensities between what heart rates?

answer

30% and 50%

question

state anxiety returns to pre-exercise anxiety levels within...

answer

24 hours, maybe as quickly as 4-6 hours

question

a well-documented source of human suffering

answer

depression

question

relationship between exercise and depression

answer

correlational

question

the most effective technique for changing a mood

answer

exercise

question

physiological explanations for exercise and mood change

answer

- increase in cerebral blood flow - changes in brain neurotransmitters - increases in maximal oxygen consumption - reduction in muscle tension

question

psychological explanations for exercise and mood change

answer

- enhanced feeling of control - feeling of competency and self-efficacy - positive social interactions - improved self-esteem - opportunities for fun and enjoyment

question

a personality style that enables a person to withstand or cope with stressful situations

answer

hardiness

question

three traits of a hardy person

answer

- a sense of personal control over external events - a sense of involvement, commitment, and purpose in daily life - the flexibility to adapt to unexpected changes by perceiving the as challenges or opportunities for further growth

question

individuals' perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation their goals, expectations, standards and concerns

answer

quality of life

question

a sense of mental alertness and awareness; a feeling of liberation; a lift in the legs; suppressed pain or discomfort; and the sense of easy, perfect rhythm and exhilaration

answer

runner's high

question

According to research studies, the "runner's high" is experienced by approximately what percentage of runners? a. 10% b. 25% c. 50% d. 75% e. Results are inconsistent.

answer

e. results are inconsistent

question

Although no empirical research has been conducted to date, Pilates (a popular form of exercise focusing on flexibility and balance) has received anecdotal support to help improve quality of life for people who have a. HIV b. pancreatic cancer c. Parkinson's d. muscular dystrophy e. congestive heart failure

answer

c. Parkinson's

question

If exercise is used as an adjunct to traditional therapy, then which of the following statements is (are) true? a. Anaerobic activities appear to produce the most positive psychological effects. b. A precise diagnosis of the problem and individually tailored program of exercise should be employed. c. Exercise therapy can be used for both underweight and obese patients. d. a and b e. b and c

answer

b. A precise diagnosis of the problem and individually tailored program of exercise should be employed.

question

Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity has been shown to improve ____________ in children with ADHD a. mood b. cognitive functioning c. self-esteem d. optimism e. hardiness

answer

b. cognitive functioning

question

Recent research on depression and extracurricular organized sport activities has found that a. females in extracurricular sport activities exhibited less depression than those not involved in extracurricular sport activities b. there was no difference in depression for young athletes who participated or had not participated in extracurricular sport activities c. males participating in extracurricular sport activities exhibited less depression than those not participating in extracurricular sport activities d. a and c e. b and c

answer

c. males participating in extracurricular sport activities exhibited less depression than those not participating in extracurricular sport activities

question

Research findings indicate that exercise is associated with a. increases in energy and alertness b. changing a bad mood c. increases in fatigue and anger d. a and b e. a and c

answer

d. a and b

question

Research on the use of mirrors during exercise for women indicates a. no mirrors should be used regardless of previous exercise levels b. mirrors should not be used when women have been sedentary c. there should be at least two mirrors during exercise classes d. there should be only one mirror used during exercise classes e. mirrors should be placed all around the exercise room for sedentary women

answer

b. mirrors should not be used when women have been sedentary

question

Research out of Germany on the "runner's high" has recently revealed a. endorphins were produced by the brain during running b. no specific chemical effects associated with the "runner's high" c. a runner needs to run at least 30 minutes to experience the "runner's high" d. the "runner's high" is experienced more by females than males e. the "runner's high" is only experienced by people under 50 years of age

answer

a. endorphins were produced by the brain during running

question

The effect of exercise on cancer indicates a. exercise can cause breast cancer to disappear b. exercise can be beneficial for breast cancer patients c. exercise can be beneficial to non-breast cancer patients d. a and b e. b and c

answer

e. b and c

question

The nature of the conclusions from the National Institute of Mental Health regarding exercise and mental health was a. causal b. correlational c. descriptive d. qualitative e. quantitative

answer

b. correlational

question

The primary measure of mood in sport and exercise is the a. Profile of Mood States b. Positive Affect-Negative Affect Scale c. mood alteration scale d. affective checklist e. Cognitive-Affective Profile

answer

a. Profile of Mood States

question

The results of studies investigating the relationship of exercise and changes in self-concept have been inconsistent. The main reason for this is that a. self-concept is a multidimensional construct b. there were not enough subjects in the studies c. self-concept cannot be measured through paper-and-pencil tests d. a and c e. a and b

answer

a. self-concept is a multidimensional construct

question

The term "positive addiction to exercise" was coined by a. Gould b. Burke c. Morgan d. Glasser e. Bahrke

answer

d. Glasser

question

What conclusion has researchers reached concerning the effects of exercise on cognitive functioning? a. Intense exercise bouts enhance cognitive functioning more than easy exercise bouts. b. Overall, there is a moderate relationship between exercise and improved cognitive functioning. c. Exercise programs conducted over longer periods are associated with gains in cognitive functioning. d. b and c e. a and b

answer

d. b and c

question

Which of the following statements was (were) a conclusion(s) derived from the National Institute of Mental Health workshop on physical activity and mental health? a. Physical fitness is positively associated with mental health. b. Males benefit more from exercise than females. c. Long-term exercise is usually associated with reductions in traits such as neuroticism and anxiety. d. a and b e. a and c

answer

e. a and c

question

Which of the following is (are) true? a. Aerobic exercise is associated with less consistent reductions in state anxiety than anaerobic exercise is. b. The anxiety reduction after exercise occurs only during intense exercise. c. Activities such as weightlifting and yoga have been found to be associated with positive psychological well-being. d. a and c e. a and b

answer

c. Activities such as weightlifting and yoga have been found to be associated with positive psychological well-being.

question

Which of the following psychological explanations has NOT been put forth to help describe the positive relationship between exercise and psychological well-being? a. enhanced feelings of control b. "time-out" c. positive changes in personality d. positive social interactions e. feelings of competency

answer

b. "time-out"

question

Which of the following physiological explanations has NOT been put forth to help describe the positive relationship between exercise and psychological well-being? a. increases in cerebral blood flow b. reductions in muscle tension c. structural changes in the brain d. increases in endorphins e. decreased maximal oxygen consumption to the tissues

answer

e. decreased maximal oxygen consumption to the tissues

question

Recent research on the relationship between cardiovascular fitness and cognitive functioning indicates that a. the effects were largest on tasks involving executive control b. the effects occur more in males than in females c. the effects were largest after exercise training exceeded 60 minutes d. a and b e. a and c

answer

a. the effects were largest on tasks involving executive control

question

In a study investigating the effects of winning and losing on psychological factors, 4-6 days after a regular season competition, results indicated that winners (when compared to losers) exhibited a. higher somatic anxiety b. lower levels of depression c. lower levels of anger d. a and c e. b and c

answer

e. b and c

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