question

An organism capable of causing disease.
now showing increase drug resistance; new dieseases are emerging (ones that were once thought harmless are causing diseases under certain circumstances

answer

Pathogen

question

The process involved in the development of a disease.

(how it make syou sick/ the way it makes you sick)

answer

Pathogenesis

question

Microorganism that lacks a cell nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. All bacteria are
no organelles- all bacteria is this

answer

prokaryotes

question

An extrachromosomal piece of DNA that is small and circular and replicates independently. It can be transferred to another cell.

answer

Plasmid

question

Sections of the genome that include groups of genes coding for virulence factors that increase the pathogenicity of a microorganism

answer

Pathogenicity islands

question

Ingestion of materials into cells by means of vacuole formation.
can be used to defend against infection- but pathogens have found a way to defeat it

answer

Phagocytosis

question

The taking in of small molecules by invagination of the cell membrane.

to capture something

answer

Pinocytosis

question

The major component of bacterial cell walls.

answer

Peptidoglycan

question

The space between the cell membrane and the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria.

answer

Periplasmic space

question

The shrinking of a cell as a result of changes in the osmotic concentration resulting from loss of water in a hypertonic solution.

answer

Plasmolysis

question

An extrachromosomal piece of DNA that is small and circular and replicates independently. It can be transferred to another cell.

answer

Plasmid

question

A waxy substance found in the cell wall of certain bacteria, such as the genus Mycobacterium.

answer

Mycolic acid

question

The study of factors and mechanisms involved in the spread of disease within a population.

answer

Epidemiology

question

Part of the pathology seen when host defenses kill virally infected cells.

answer

Cytocidal effect

question

Resident or transient microorganisms that do not ordinarily cause disease but can do so under certain circumstances.

answer

Opportunistic pathogen

question

A process that uses naturally occurring or genetically engineered microorganisms to transform harmful substances into less toxic or nontoxic compounds.

answer

Bioremediation

question

An industry that uses molecular biology and microorganisms for specialized purposes, including genetic engineering

answer

Biotechnology

question

A bacterium that uses oxygen for metabolism but shifts to anaerobic metabolism when oxygen is no longer available.

answer

Facultative anaerobe

question

It involves the binding of a non-competitive inhibitor to a site on the enzyme molecule that causes a change in the shape of the active site and inhibits the binding of the substrate in the active site.

answer

Allosteric inhibition

question

An organic molecule bound to or associated with an enzyme.
ex: NAD and FAD

answer

coenzyme

question

microbiology affects every facet of life and is (everywhere)

answer

ubiquitous

question

study of small living things; microorganisms/ microbes

answer

microbiology

question

many bacteria and some fungi are part of ___________:

-naturally colonize skin and mucosal surfaces
-most of the time harmless
some provide important product & svcs to the body

answer

normal microflora

question

majority of majority are nonpathogenic:
____________ (where you should be)
beneficial microorganisms
used in food production or bioremediation
part of food chain
necessary to maintain life om earth oxygen production (produce more oxygen than plants)

answer

indigenous microflora

question

normal bacteria move t oa place in the body where they are not particulary found.
ex: E.coli in large intestines-part of normal flora__> if it travels throught the urethra, it becomes pathogenic, resulting in urinary tract infection

answer

oppurtunistic infection

question

pathogens are classified by the ______________- they use:

air, food, water, insect vectors, person to person contact

answer

host defenses

question

governs survival and growth microorganisms;serves chemical processes living in organisms
used to obtain energy
linked to growth

answer

metabolism

question

happens in 3 ways:
competative inhibition
alloseteric inhibition
feedback inhibition

answer

enzyme inhibition

question

helper susbtrates that are non protein organic molecules

answer

coenzyme

question

helper substrates that are non-protein organic molecules

answer

cofactor

question

glycolysis makes

answer

glucose ------> 2 pyruvate
2 ATP produced

question

prep step makes

answer

2 pyruvate --> 2 ACETYLCoA) 2 ATP produced

question

krebs cycle makes

answer

Acetyl CoA ---> (NADH & FADH2)
2 ATP

question

Electron transport chain makes

answer

NADH & FADH2 ---------> 32 ATP
36 ATP for every one molecule of glucose

question

catabolic pathway used by most organisms
occurs in the cytoplasm (needs no O2)
4 ATP moleculs produced here
1st steps of pathway consumes 2 aTP
NAD becomes NADH

answer

glcolysis

question

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H20 (36ATP + ENERGY)

answer

cellular respiration formula

question

ACETYL COA CAN ENTER
series of redox reactions
h atoms are transferred to coenzyme carriers
H atoms are carried by NAD & FAD to ETC C is oxidized into CO2
electrons transferred to carriers
energy is captured and restored when ADP is converted to ATP

answer

krebs cycle

question

answer

Prep step- Acetyl- CoA

question

in eukaryotes found in the inner mitochondrial membrane
in prokaryotes organized int he plasma membrane
electrons trasferred to find electron receptor
energy and captured and restored

answer

ETC

question

e- move from one molecule to another in chain and energy is released
** e- tranferred along ATC, protons pumped out- causes proton outside of cell to be higher than the cell, causing concentration gradient to form

answer

Chemiomosis

question

enzymatic breakdown of carbs in which final e- acceptor is organic molecule
ATP synthesized by subtrate level phospharylation but not linked to ETC
yields 2 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule
diff microoraganisms use diff pathways
by products are usually acids or alcohol

answer

fermentation

question

bacteria: size shape arrange,arrangehment- most common

answer

bacillus- rod shaped
coccus- circular shaped
spirilla- spiral shaped

question

bacteria (arrangement can be)

answer

single: bacillus- coccus
diplo: bacillus - coccus
strepto: bacillus- coccus
staphylo: cocus only
tetrad: coccus only
)staphylococcus will never detach; will always detach towards each other- go w/ majority)

question

stain the organism

answer

to visulize bacteria must be stained: positive stains

question

has organelles
people, animals, plants and some fungi

answer

eukaryote

question

whats the difference
gram positive
gram negative
gram variable
gram nonreactive

answer

what we use in the lab
lab
some look + and -
will not hold stain

question

stain using only one color (everything is that color)

answer

simple stain

question

stain using more than one color (multiple colors each color tells you something about the bacteria)

answer

differential stain

question

takes advantage of cell walls of bacteria; and is divided into 4 groups: gram positive
gram negative
gram variable
gram nonreactive

answer

gram staining

question

small tough dormant structure that can form in certain bacteria (heat is neede to make wall permeable to stain)

answer

endospore

question

bacteria grown in aggregated ssemblies w/in their host

answer

Biofilms

question

3 ways it operates w/ in cell
pinocytosis
phagocytoses
receptor-mediated _______

answer

endocytosis

question

answer

bacteria/ prokaryotes

question

answer

cell wall

question

answer

teichoic acid

question

answer

lipopolysaccharides

question

answer

porins

question

answer

M protein

question

answer

M protein

question

answer

lipid A

question

answer

O polysaccarides

question

answer

glycocalyx-slime layer

question

answer

glcocalyx/ capsule

question

answer

fimbriae/pili

question

answer

axial filaments

question

answer

flagella

question

answer

mono-, amphi-, lopho-, peritrichous flagellar configurations

question

answer

plasma membrane

question

answer

osomotic lysis

question

answer

hypertonic

question

answer

hypotonic

question

answer

isotonic

question

answer

passive transport

question

answer

simple dffusion

question

answer

facilitated diffusion

question

answer

active transport

question

answer

nuclear region

question

answer

ribosomes

question

answer

inclusion bodies

question

answer

endospores

question

answer

microbial growth

question

answer

binary fission

question

answer

budding

question

answer

phases of growth- lag

question

answer

phases of growth- log

question

answer

phases of growth- stationary

question

answer

phases of growth- decline

question

answer

factors of growth- ph

question

answer

factors of growth- temperature

question

answer

factors of growth- moisture

question

answer

factors of growth- nutrient availability

question

answer

all of the philes (ex halophile, barophiles...)

question

answer

sodium thyoglycolate

question

answer

fastidious

question

answer

defined media

question

answer

undefined media

question

answer

complex media

question

answer

agar

question

answer

selective media

question

answer

defferential media

question

consist of:
viruses, archaens, protozoa, bacteria, some algae, some fungi

answer

microorganisms

question

majority of microbes are

answer

non pathegenic

question

potential of a pathogen to cause a disease
flu- low HIV- high

answer

degree of virulence

question

only a small fraction of these cause infection

answer

microorgansims

question

only a fraction of _______ affect humans

answer

pathogens

question

epidemiology
pathogenesis
host defense

answer

pathogens in 3 perspectives

question

are vital to care for infected individuals:
allows for implementation of strategy
helps understand spread of disease

answer

knowing how an organism gets in and out are

question

caused by variety of factors-pooor socioeconomic conditions
poor
ignorence of how infection occur
poor hygiene
natural disaters

answer

epidemics:

question

required for pathogens to do the following (any physical factors of organisms):
persistence in patient
cause disease
escape or defeat host defenses

answer

virulence factors

question

infection and complex competitive struggle:

pathogens vs. __________outcome depends on success or failure of host
failure of host defense = failure (sickness)

answer

host defenses

question

2 types:
innate and adaptive immune response

answer

host defenses

question

1st line of defense
nonspecific response
involves a variety of cellular and chemical factors

answer

innate immune respose

question

lethal and specific
has memory
(vaccinations, antibodies, stuff u get from your mom)

answer

adaptive immune respose

question

some directly attack host defenses (HIV)
some change their look (camoflauge)
some hide where they cant be caught-like in the brain- too dangerous for the brain so it swell or try to fight off infection

answer

many pathogens have developed methods to defeat host defenses

question

treatment of infectious diseases:
many potent and successful tools available in defeating infections

answer

antibiotics
disinfectants
antiseptics

question

are toxic chemicals and therefore must act selectively- they must kill the disease not harm the patient

answer

antibiotics

question

are intracellular parasites, so either:
has to be attacked before entry to host cell, or
inffected host cells must be killed to kill virus

answer

viruses

question

disinfection water supply
monitoring food supply
proper waste water removal
insect/ pest control (vectors)
proper hygiene/ sanitation

answer

prevention in public health measure and communinty

question

public health control of immunization of children
design/development of new vaccines
ability to ensure safety of vacines

answer

immnunization requires

question

are very benificial to humans:
recycle vital elements in soil
convert elements in environment into usuable form
return CO2 into the atmosphere

answer

some microbes

question

microbes are used to :
recycle waste during sewage treatment
cleanup, decontaminate

answer

bioremidiation

question

growth of ________ can have direct effect on infectious diseases
carbon and energy required for growth

answer

microorganisms

question

carbon from inorganic substances (usually plants)

answer

autotrophy

question

carbon obtained from organic substances usually plants

answer

heterotrophy

question

nearly all infectious organelles are this. obtain enrgy from breaking down other organic molecules and compunds (carbs and energy from what we eat)

answer

chemoheterotrophs

question

molecules broken down into smaller ones to release energy
involes transfer & oxidation reduction reactions)

answer

catabolism

question

energy from catabolism used to build large organic molecules from smaller ones
(involes transfer & oxidation reduction reactions)

answer

anabolism

question

metabolism that can use oxygen but can occur w/out it- as needed- can survive- survives by partaking between anaerobic and aerobic

answer

falcutative anaerobic resp

question

A -> B-> C-> D -> E
initial final
subtrate end
product

(-> = enzymes)
each step is mediated of facilitated by a specific enzyme)

answer

metabolism occurs in 2 pathways

question

____ enzymes always degrades proteins b/c it is the only rx w/ peptide bonds

answer

proteolytic enzymes

question

binding of competitor is reversible & dependent upon relitive #s of inhibitor molecules & substrate molecules

answer

competitve inhibition

question

can break hydrogen bonds and denature protiens/ can change shape of molecules in motion

answer

factors that affectenzyme rx:
temperature

question

can break hydrogen bonds and change shape

answer

factors that affectenzyme rx:
pH

question

of substrate, product, and enzyme - lower #'s of substrate product and enzyme molecules means lower level of activity

answer

factors that affectenzyme rx:
concentration

question

fuels enzyme inhibition
recycled molecule that phosphates are added & removed
phosphate bonds are high energy bonds that require energy to be made and release energy when broken

ADP -----------> ATP over and over

answer

catabolic processes

question

4 most important pathways by which most molecules release energy from nutrient molecules

answer

glycolysis
prep step
kreb's cycle
electron transport chain

question

cellular respiration formula

answer

C6H12O6 + 602 ------> 6CO2 + 6H20 (36ATP = ENERGY)

question

in aerobic respiration the final electron acceptor is oxygen in anaerobic

answer

molecules like nitrates are the final electron receptor

question

specific membrane. proteins allow proteins to enter
energy released as protons reenter the cell
energy used to bind phosphates to ADP making high energy molecule ATP
different proton in concentration in the process is called proton motion force

answer

Chemiomosis

question

classified as biosynthetic rx b/c they are used to synthesize all biological molecules needed by cells or living organisms

answer

anabolic rx

question

form network of pathways that produce components required by cell for growth and survival
both rx fueled by energy stored in high energy bonds in ATP

answer

biosynthetic rx

question

stain the background

answer

negative stain

question

procedure of gram staining

answer

apply crystal violet stain rinse
add gram iodine (maordant- sets color & male permenant); drain rinse
decolorize w/ alcohol; wash immed w/ water
apply saffrin dry rinse blot

question

formation involes getting copy of genetic information w/ other important chemicals and elclosing the collection inside tough coating

answer

endospore

question

bacteria that cab undergo ________ are diff to neutralize b/c endospores are extremely resistant to antieptics, disinfectants, antibiotic
they form bacteria in distress; lies dormant and organsims can return to endospore state to vegestative state thru germenation

answer

sporalation

question

bacteria that cab undergo sporalation are diff to neutralize b/c _______ are extremely resistant to antieptics, disinfectants, antibiotic
they form bacteria in distress; lies dormant and organsims can return to _____ state to vegestative state thru germenation

answer

endospores

question

depend on:
ability to invade/ overcome host defense
ability to increase in #s
ability to identify transmission mechanisms to get new host " go for th and prosper

answer

pathogen interactions

question

depend on having useful functioning defenses (skin)
suceptibility to infection (immune system/ vaccinations)
degree of comprimise found w/in host immune system (what your immune system will let go of if its working on something else HIV lupus etc)

answer

host interactions

question

can be transferred between cells
are extrachromosonal pieces of DNa
serve no purpose so they look for somehting to do caus ehteyre extra
they can carry drug resistance, how to create tumors
info not necessary for survival

answer

plasmids

question

process of tranfer of plasmids

answer

cojugation

question

based on population densities; process of organisms seeing their environement using speacial sensing proteins

answer

quorum sensing

question

w/ quorum sensing, certain __ only turn on when there are enough cells present

ex: enterotoxin production in salmonella

answer

genes

question

are clinically important because:
capture/ retain nutrients (allowing continued growth)
impede uptake of antibiotics/ disenfectants (kinda just sit on the surface- takes a while to penetrate bacteria)

answer

biolfilms

question

can build up on medical devices (cause plaque to build up on teeth)
more harmful than helpful to us

answer

biofilms

question

eukaryotic cells are found in humans and are involed in infection. many of their structures play a role in infection:

viruses gain entrance by infecting a host cell that has a specific receptor located on the membrane
these viruses are normally found on the cell surfaces: respitory system very suseptible to influenza

answer

plasma membrane

question

eukaryotic cells are found in humans and are involed in infection. many of their structures play a role in infection:

is where individual viral particles are hosted and manifested

answer

cytoplasm

question

microfilaments, intermiadiate filaments, microtubules
(collectively known as)

answer

cytoskeleton

question

larger than micro, made up of keritans, provide additional strength, and involved with positioning cells alongside other tissues

answer

intermediate filaments

question

hollow tubes made up protein tubulin,largest of the 3, found in cilla and flagella seen on some eukary cells, involved w/ movement of other structures in cytoplasn, particular chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis

answer

microtubules

question

eukaryotic cells are found in humans and are involed in infection. many of their structures play a role in infection:
uses ot like a subway- to move across cells or to other cells using already made attachmenrts in the cytoskeloton

answer

cytoskeleton

question

eukaryotic cells are found in humans and are involed in infection. many of their structures play a role in infection:

involved infection strategy of pathegons in host defense
ciliated cells work w/ mucus secreting cells to remove foreign materials, such as, microorganisms, there by preventing stay in requirement of pathogen

answer

cilia

question

eukaryotic cells are found in humans and are involed in infection. many of their structures play a role in infection:

shigella use dto move laterally between insterstial cells
also affects phagocytosis, vey important host defense mechanism

answer

cytoskeleton

question

eukaryotic cells are found in humans and are involed in infection. many of their structures play a role in infection:

as in pertussis or diphtheria, pathogens attach to cilated cells initially
cough sneze response will go away of attacked, or be overactive- but unproductive

answer

cilia

question

eukaryotic cells are found in humans and are involed in infection. many of their structures play a role in infection: anchored in plasma membranse; uses complex sequence rx- this action moves flagellum amd permitts whip like motion seen in flagella found on euk cells

answer

flagella

question

in many viral infections, viral particles acquires part of the host ___________ as particles leave the infected host- this piece of membrane wraps around the host and is referred to as viral envelope which is important in infection of new host cells and in protection from host defense

answer

plasma membrane

question

eukaryotic cells are found in humans and are involed in infection. many of their structures play a role in infection:

not bound by membrane
involved in viral infection and taken over by virus
not involved directly by treatment process but have a role in treatment b/c bacterial ribosome is one of the targets attacked by certain antibioticcs- so invading bacturim can nolonger make proteins and dies
viruses hijack _________, then make new viruses

answer

ribosomes

question

eukaryotic cells are found in humans and are involed in infection. many of their structures play a role in infection:

where ATP is made- more cells working, fewere resting w/ in
contian own ribosomes and DBA
ficture very similar to bacteria; similar mechanism of ATP production

answer

mitochondria

question

eukaryotic cells are found in humans and are involed in infection. many of their structures play a role in infection:

moves synthesized material to golgi or directly to plasma membrane for transport out of the cell
site of synthesis of assembly of viruses
also assoc w/ adaptive immune response

answer

ER

question

eukaryotic cells are found in humans and are involed in infection. many of their structures play a role in infection:

modifying- packaging products from ER; renewing plasma membrane; prod lysosomes

answer

golgi

question

organisms responisble for destroying invading microorganisms and any other foreign material in cell - have pivitol role in phago cytosis

answer

lysosomes

question

eukaryotic cells are found in humans and are involed in infection. many of their structures play a role in infection:

organelles composed of ring structures stacked together
fx in degradqation of proteins trigger adaptive immune response against pathogen

answer

proteansome

question

eukaryotic cells are found in humans and are involed in infection. many of their structures play a role in infection:

recycle any host-cell components that are no longer needed or fx properly
any ihibition of ___________al fx can be a lethal event
invading pathogens put a capsule on themselves (or hide from it) it then form a vesicle and fuses w/ its membrane and its enzyme destroys pathogen

answer

lysosomes

question

eukaryotic cells are found in humans and are involed in infection. many of their structures play a role in infection:
RNA uses nuclear membrane pores to move cytoplasm
particularly important in viruss that contain DNA
viral DNA must enter host _____; then copies are made here, then moved into the cytoplasm to be used for construction of new virus moleculesin some cases becomes latent in host _________

answer

nucleus

question

eukaryotic cells are found in humans and are involed in infection. many of their structures play a role in infection:

many pathogens enter through formation of vesicles
method provide protection against host response
some pathogens bind to host cell receptors that triffer endocytosis: common in viruses

answer

endo/ exocytosis

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