KAPLAN NURSING ENTRANCE EXAM-CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM – Flashcards
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blood, heart, blood vessels
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there are 3 parts of the cardiovascular system
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connective fibers and spiral bundle
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heart muscle is made of
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mediastinum
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where is the heart located?
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Arterial anastomosis
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when arteries connect they become
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Vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta.
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drop of blood through the heart
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epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
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the 3 layers of the heart
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hearts blood circulation
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Coronary sinus
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When ventricles relax
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diastole phase
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ventricles contract
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systole phase
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are auto-rhythmic and not contractile
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pacemaker cardiac cells
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A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.
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Action potential
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Return of the cell to resting state, caused by re-entry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits the cell.
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Repolarization
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Passes from sa node to av node, bundle of HIS to the Purkinje fibers
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Electrical conduction of the heart
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an electrical recording of the heart
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what is an EKG
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depolarization of the atria
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P Wave
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depolarization of ventricles
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QRS Wave
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repolarization of ventricles
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T Wave
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a condition in which the heart beats with an irregular or abnormal rhythm.
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What is an arrhytmia
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is a quivering or irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) that can lead to blood clots
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what is an atrial fibrillation
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mycardial conractility
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what is the main factor that affects the strength of a contraction of the heart?
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atrial reflex, is an increase in heart rate due to an increase in central venous pressure.
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what is the bainbridge effect?
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Increases
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does the SNS increase or decrease the heart
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decreases
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Does the PNS increase or decrease the heart
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transport of nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to cells throughout the body and removal of metabolic waste
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main role of the cardiovascular system
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increases the effects of epinephrine on the heart
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thyroxine
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medulla of the adrenal glands
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where does epinephrine (adrenaline) come from
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(sympathetic) which its stimulation speeds up heart rate. Fight or flight.
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what role does epinephrine play on the heart
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involved in action potential of the heart
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what role does calcium play on the heart
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involved in normal conduction in action potential and normal contraction of heart
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what role does potassium play on the heart
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tachycardia
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too fast heart beat
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bradycardia
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too slow heart beat
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ANS, chemicals (epinephrine-adrenal medulla & thyroxin-thyroid), age & physical fitness
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3 factors that regulate heart rate
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abnormal condition of hardening of the artery
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arterisclerosis
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fat build up in the arteries
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atherosclerosis
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slow repolarization
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what is the plateau phase?
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intercalated discs, desmosomes, gap junctions
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cardiac muscle is made of?
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the epicardium
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this is the visceral layer of the pericardium
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bicuspid valve
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the valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle is the?
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the skeleton of the heart
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Electrically insulates the atria from the ventricles
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AV Node
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Cardiac muscle cells that delays action potentials between the atria and the atrioventricular bundle is called?
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the AV node will become the pacemaker
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If the SA Node becomes damanged, what will most likely occur?
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Pacemaker
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What is the SA node called?
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intercalated disks and gap junctions
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action potentials pass rapidly from one cardiac muscle cell to another because?
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voltage gated NA ion opens
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the depolarization phase of the cardiac muscle action potential occurs when?
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Voltage gated K ion opens
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In the final repolarization phase the?
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Depolarization of the atria
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in an EKG, the P wave represents
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ventricles contract and begin to relax
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During the QT interval of the EKG, the?
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bradycardia
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Excessive parasympathetic stimulation can cause?
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a very slow contraction pattern of the heart
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What is bradycardia?
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rapid pulse rate; over 100 beats per min.
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what is tachycardia?
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The closing of the semilunar valves
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What is the dub sound?
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is the stretching of muscle fibers in the ventricles as the ventricles fill with blood
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what is preload?
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returns blood pressure to normal
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when normal aterial blood pressure decreases, barorecptors cause a response that?
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heart rate increases
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If blood PH decreases and blood carbon dioxide increases?
