question

The primary components of ECF are __________ and ___________.

answer

plasma, interstitial fluid

question

The principle anions in the ICF are ______ and _______.

answer

phosphate, proteins

question

_________ are receptors in the hypothalamus that monitor the osmotic concentration in the ECF and secrete ___________ in response to high osmotic concentrations

answer

osmoreceptors, ADH

question

The most important factor affecting the pH of body tissues is the concentration of ____________.

answer

carbon dioxide

question

Respiratory acidosis develops when blood pH _______ due to an ________ in PCO2 levels (input decrease, increase)

answer

decrease, increase

question

Metabolic alkalosis occurs when bicarbonate ion concentrations are ___________ (depressed, elevated)

answer

elevated

question

___________ hormone stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys and stimulates thirst

answer

ADH

question

__________ hormone increases rate of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion along DCT and collecting system of kidney

answer

aldosterone

question

__________ hormones oppose release of aldosterone and ADH; promotes urine excretion

answer

ANP, BNP

question

Drinking a solution hypotonic to the ECF will cause the ECF _____________ (in/de)crease in volume and become (hyper/hypo)tonic to the ICF

answer

increase, hypotonic

question

The osmotic concentration of the ECF decreases if an individual gains water without a corresponding ____________.

answer

gain of electrolytes

question

When pH of body fluids begins to decrease, free amino acids and proteins will bind H at the _________ group

answer

amino

question

In a protein buffer system, if pH ________ (in/de)creases, hydrogen ion is released and carboxylate ion is formed.

answer

increases

question

__________ balance is a state in which the amount of water gained each day is equal to the amount lost to the environment; water accounts for 99% ECF

answer

fluid

question

_________ balance exists when there is neither a net gain nor net loss of any ion in body fluids; important that ionic concentrations remain within normal limits

answer

electrolyte

question

_______________ balance exists when production of hydrogen ions precisely offsets their loss; pH of body fluids must remain within narrow range, outside of range becomes life threatening

answer

acid base

question

____________ = rapid water movement between ECF and ICF that occur in response to increase or decrease in osmotic concentration of ECF

answer

fluid shift

question

________ acids can leave the solution and enter the atmosphere (EX: carbonic acids)

answer

volatile

question

________ acids cannot leave the solution (EX: sulfuric acids)

answer

fixed

question

_______ acids are produced during metabolism (lactic acid, ketones)

answer

organic

question

Which type of acid is a major threat to the acid-base balance? (fixed, organic, volatile)

answer

volatile

question

Normal pH range falls in between _________ - __________.

answer

7.35, 7.45

question

Normal HCO3- range falls between ________ - _________

answer

21, 28

question

Normal PCO2 range falls between ________ - _________

answer

35, 45

question

_____________ is generally caused by hypoventilation and CO2 build up in tissues and blood; can be improved with bronchodilation and mechanical assistance

answer

respiratory acidosis

question

_____________ is generally caused by buildup of organic or fixed acid, impaired H+ elimination at kidnys, or HCO3- loss in urine or feces

answer

metabolic acidosis

question

___________ is caused by hyperventilation and reduction in plasma CO2 levels

answer

respiratory alkalosis

question

___________ caused by prolonged vomiting and associated acid loss

answer

metabolic alkalosis

question

Lymph from the right arm, the right half of the head, and the right chest is received by the ___________.

answer

right lymphatic duct

question

The

answer

variable region

question

__________ is a group of genes that codes for human leukocyte antigens

answer

MHC

question

RBCs that are damaged or defective are removed from the bloodstream by the _____________

answer

spleen

question

Phagocytes move through capillary walls by squeezing between adjacent endothelial cells, a process known as _____________

answer

diapedesis

question

Perforins are proteins associated with the activity of ___________ (T, B, NK, plasma) cells

answer

NK

question

______________ stimulates inflammation, attracts phagocytes, and enhances phagocytosis.

answer

complement activation

question

__________ functions to inhibit spread of some bacteria and viruses and increases metabolic rate by up to 10%

answer

fever

question

Helper T cells are associated with __________ markers

answer

CD4

question

__________ cells are lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity

answer

cytotoxic T

question

__________ cells are responsible for stimulating the activation and function of T and B cells

answer

helper T

question

__________ cells are responsible for inhibiting the activation and function of T and B cells

answer

suppressor T

question

__________ cells are responsible for producing and secreting antibodies

answer

plasma

question

__________ cells are responsible for recognizing and destroying abnormal cells

answer

NK

question

__________ cells are responsible for producing interleukin-7, which promotes differentiation of B cells

answer

stromal

question

__________ cells are responsible for regulating T cell development and function

answer

thymic epithelial

question

__________ cells are responsible for interfering with viral replication inside the cell and stimulating activities of macrophages and NK cells

answer

interferons

question

__________ cells are responsible for reset the body's thermostat, causing a rise in body temp (fever)

answer

pyrogens

question

__________ cells are responsible for providing cell mediated immunity, which defends against abnormal cells and pathogens in cells.

answer

T

question

__________ cells are responsible for providing humoral immunity, which defends against antigens pathogens in the body (but not inside cells)

answer

B

question

__________ cells are responsible for enhancing innate (nonspecific) defenses and increasing T cell sensitivity and stimulating B cell activity

answer

interleukins

question

__________ cells are responsible for slowing tumor growth and killing sensitive tumor cells

answer

tumor necrosis factor

question

__________ cells are responsible for stimulating the production of blood cells in the bone marrow and lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues

answer

colony stimulating factor

question

T cells derive from the __________

answer

thymus

question

B cells derive from the ___________

answer

red bone marrow

question

NK cells derive from the ___________

answer

red bone marrow

question

The enzymatic breakdown of large molecules into their basic building blocks is called :

answer

chemical breakdown

question

The outer layer of the digestive tract is known as the __________.

answer

serosa

question

Double sheets of peritoneum that provide support and stability for the organs of the peritoneal cavity are the :

answer

mesenteries

question

A branch of the hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery proper and branch of the bile duct form:

answer

portal area

question

Most of the digestive tract is lined by _____________ epithelium

answer

simple columnar

question

Regional movements that occur in the small intestine and function to churn and fragment the digestive material are called:

answer

segmentation

question

Bile release from the gallbladder into the duodenum occurs only under stimulation of :

answer

cholecystokinin

question

The ____________ functions mainly in reabsorption of water and compaction of feces, absorption of vitamins liberated by bacterial action, storage of fecal material prior to defecation

answer

large intestine

question

The ____________ functions to provide digestive enzymes, plus bicarbonate ions that elevate the pH of chyme

answer

pancreas

question

The ____________ functions to produce bile and is the primary organ involved in regulating composition of circulating blood

answer

liver

question

The ____________ functions to store and release bile, which contains additional buffers and bile salts that aid in digestion and absorption of lipids

answer

gallbladder

question

_____________ is a hormone that stimulates the submucosal glands of the duodenum

answer

enterocrinin

question

___________ is a hormone that stimulates the pancreas and liver to increase secretion of water and bicarbonate ions

answer

secretin

question

___________ is a hormone that cause an increase in release of pancreatic secretions and bile into duodenum, inhibits gastric activity and appears to have CNS affects that reduce the sensation of hunger

answer

cholecystokinin

question

___________ is a hormone that stimulates insulin release at pancreatic islets and activity of duodenal submucosal glands

answer

gastric inhibitory peptide

question

___________ is a hormone secreted by G cells in duodenum that when exposed to large quantities of incompletely digested proteins

answer

gastrin

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