question

150 years ago girls matured sexually at age 16. Today they do so at ___.

answer

12.5

question

___ is formed when youths develop a firm sense of who they are and what they stand for.

answer

ego identity.

question

According to Erik Erikson, role diffusion occurs when youths:

answer

experience uncertainty when they place themselves at the mercy of leaders who promise to give them a sense of identity they cannot develop for themselves.

question

Approximately what percent of American children are considered to be "at-risk?"

answer

25

question

Which of the following statements about children in the U.S. is FALSE?

answer

It is now estimated that only 10% of fourth graders in U. S. public schools cannot read at grade level.

question

According to the text, U.S. children and adolescents experience various health and mortality problems. Which of the following statements is false?

answer

More police officers are killed by firearms than preschoolers.

question

Educational problems are more likely to affect minority kids. According to the Children's defense fund, which of the following statements are False about African-American children?

answer

suspended at the same rate as white students.

question

Adults 25 years of age and older with less than a high school diplomas earn __ percent less than those who have earned a high school diploma

answer

30

question

Cyberbullying is the willful and repeated harm inflicted through the medium of electronic text. According to the text, which of the following statements is False with regard to this phenomenon?

answer

Boys are more likely to spread rumors online.

question

It is now estimated that about ___% of 4th graders in our public schools cannot read at grade level.

answer

70

question

The youth risk behavior survey monitors health-risk behaviors among youth and young adults. Which of the following is TRUE about their health-risk behaviors?

answer

less than 20% of students had carried a weapon in the past 30 days.

question

A family style wherein the father is the final authority on all family matters and exercise complete control over his wife and children is:

answer

paternalistic.

question

Voltaire's, Rousseau's, and Locke's vision produced a period known as the ___, which stressed a humanistic view of life, freedom, family, reason, and law.

answer

Enlightenment

question

During the Middle Ages in Great Britain, the chancery courts were established to do all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

have jurisdiction over children charged with criminal conduct.

question

Which of the following statements best describes the child savers?

answer

they lobbied for a separate legal status for children.

question

Which of the following is NOT among the first juvenile institutions and organizations?

answer

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

question

The legislation passed to form the first juvenile court was:

answer

Illinois Juvenile Court Act.

question

Which key provision of the Illinois Juvenile Court act is false?

answer

Children were to be separated from adults in institutional programs only.

question

The philosophical viewpoint that encourages the state to take control of wayward children and provide care, custody, and treatment to remedy delinquent behavior is:

answer

best interest of the child.

question

The first juvenile court was established in:

answer

1899

question

By what year did juvenile courts exist in virtually every jurisdiction in every state?

answer

1917

question

In the 1960s and 1970s, the U.S. supreme court radically altered the juvenile justice system when it issued a series of decisions that established the right to juveniles to receive due process of law. Which right is FALSE?

answer

the right to bail.

question

Which of the following statements about parental liability laws is FALSE?

answer

all states have yet to place limits on the amount of recovery victims can receive.

question

How many juveniles are arrested annually for status-type offenses?

answer

250,000

question

States classify status offenders using different terms. Which term listed is FALSE?

answer

delinquent

question

Which of the following statements is FALSE? Juveniles transferred to adult courts:

answer

transferring legal jurisdiction over most serious juvenile offenders to adult court for prosecutions is called time-out.

question

Compiled by the ___, the UCR is the most widely used source of national crime and delinquency statistics.

answer

FBI

question

Which of the following is a part I offense?

answer

arson

question

Which of the following is a part II offense?

answer

vandalism

question

The UCR uses three methods to express crime data. Which of the following is NOT one of these three methods?

answer

The actual number of crimes for which the suspects were convicted.

question

What does a UCR-reported murder rate of 4.8 mean?

answer

about five people in every 100,000 were murdered.

question

Which of the following statements about Nation Crime Victimization Survey is false?

answer

the proble of underreporting of crime is completely eliminated when we use the NCVS

question

___ questionaire or survey techniques that ask subjects to reveal their own participation in delinquent or criminal acts

answer

self-reports

question

In 2010, juveniles were responsible for about __% of the property crime arrests.

answer

23

question

Today, juveniles were responsible for about __% of all arrest for violent crimes.

answer

14

question

According to the text, which of the following statements is TRUE?

answer

none of the above statements are true

question

With regard to the relationship of the time and place of delinquency, which statement is FALSE?

answer

if it gets over 85 degrees violent acts such as sexual assault increase

question

For which of the following acts are females more likely than males to be taken into custody?

answer

running away

question

Males commit __ serious violent offense for every 1 committed by females.

answer

4

question

If police routinely search, question and detain only african americans, this is called:

answer

racial profiling

question

T/F: children of all races who live in stable families with reasonable incomes and educational achievements are much less likely to engage in violent behaviors than those lacking family support.

answer

true

question

___ are responsible for the majority of serious delinquent acts.

answer

Lower-class youth

question

Which of the following statements about age and delinquency is false?

answer

as juvenile delinquents mature, they become less aware of the risks that accompany crime.

question

___ is the age at which youths being their delinquent careers.

answer

age of onset.

question

The idea that chronic juvenile offenders are likely to continue violating the law as adults is called:

answer

continuinty of crime

question

Wolfgang reported that the ___ were responsible for 52% of all offenses.

answer

chronic 6%

question

In the pennsylvania birth cohort follow-up, it was found that chronic offenders had a/an __% change of becoming adult offenders.

answer

80

question

According to the text, which of the following is NOT a childhood risk factor for persistent delinquency?

answer

small family size

question

According to the National Crime Victimization Survey:

answer

the chance of victimization declines with age.

question

T/F: Most teens are victimized by people they do not know.

answer

false

question

Most sexual abuse occurs at:

answer

home

question

t/f: research tells us delinquency increases with age.

answer

false

question

While the vast majority of delinquency is committed by males, which of the following is most common for girls?

answer

running away

question

Which of the following is FALSE with regard to juvenile victimization?

answer

victimization is interracial

question

According to choice theorists, offenders:

answer

are rational actors who choose to commit crime because they believe their actions will be beneficial.

question

Which of the following factors that motivate a potential delinquent to act on his or her antisocial propensities is FALSE?

answer

kids who are granted a lot of time to socialize with peers are just as likely to engage in deviant behaviors as those who are closely supervised.

question

According to the concept of ___, if offenders are punished severely, the experience will convince them not to repeat their illegal acts.

answer

specific deterrence

question

Which of the following statements about specific deterrence is false?

answer

experiencing harsh punishment will never cause severe psychological problems.

question

In the 1990s, various deterrence-based strategies were implemented based on the increase in teenage violence. Which of the following is not one of those policies?

answer

police began to play more one on one basketball than crime patrol.

question

situational crime prevention strategies aim to reduce opportunities to commit delinquent acts through all means provided except:

answer

not focusing on hot spots.

question

A geographic location that is known to be the scene of repeated delinquent activity is called:

answer

hot spot

question

Which of the following criminologist is credited with the development of the theory of criminal atavism?

answer

cesare Lombroso

question

Research which links antisocial behavior to a person's brain chemistry, brain damage, and complications attributed to low birth weight draw from which theoretical perspective?

answer

Neurological dysfunction.

question

Which of the following is not a sympton of ADHD?

answer

the individual sustains interest in play activities.

question

Biosocial theorists believe antisocial behavior characteristics and mental disorders have a genetic influence. Which of the following statements is an INDIRECT connection?

answer

the genetic makeup of parents is passed on to children.

question

Which of the following theories best reflects the branch of psychology that holds that the human personality is controlled by unconscious mental processes developed early in childhood?

answer

psychodynamic theory

question

A psychological condition producing mood swings between wild elation and deep depression is called:

answer

bipolar disorder

question

Erik Erikson coined the term ___ to refer to a psychological state in which youth face inner turmoil and uncertainly about life roles.

answer

identity crisis

question

According to the text, what disorder is NOT linked to antisocail youth?

answer

dyslexia

question

Which theorist developed the states of moral development?

answer

kohlberg

question

Cognotive theorists contend that chronically delinquent youths use fewer cues than most people to process information, use violence to get what they want, and react in a volatile fashion to the slightest provocation because the:

answer

have learned improper scripts.

question

A juvenile who is caught and punished severely, what delinquency prevention strategy is being followed?

answer

specific deterrence

question

the branch of psychology concerned with the study of observable behavior is called:

answer

behavioral theory.

question

The __ theories tie delinquency rates to socioeconomic conditions and cultural values; areas that experience high levels of poverty and social disorganziation will also have high delinquency rates.

answer

social structure.

question

___ is the process of passing on deviant traditions and delinquent values from one generation to the next.

answer

cultural transmission.

question

the social structure theories tie delinquency rate to all of the following except:

answer

socialization

question

the concept of social disorganziation was first recognized by sociologists:

answer

shaw and mckay

question

According to the social disorganization view, a healthy, organized community has the ability to regulate itself so that common goals can be achieved; this is referred to as:

answer

social control

question

Which of the following statements about communities on the downswing is FALSE?

answer

because of racial differences in economic well-being, those left behind are all too often white.

question

perceptions of collective efficiancy are effective in helping kids avoid gang membership. t/f

answer

true

question

Residents of cohesive communities develop a sense of ___; people know one another, develop interpersonal ties, mutual trust and a willingness to intervene in the supervision of children and help maintain public order.

answer

collective efficacy.

question

According to Robert Merton, individuals without acceptable means for obtaining success experience.

answer

anomie

question

According to Agnew's General Strain Theory, adolescents engage in delinquency as a result of __ the anger, frustration , fear , and other adverse emotions that derive from strain.

answer

negative affective states

question

This source of strain outlined to Agnew can be caused by child abuse, criminal victimization, or school failure.

answer

presentation of negative stimulus.

question

According to Elijah Anderson, there are two cultural forces running through poor neighorhoods that shape their reactions. these are street values and:

answer

decent values.

question

Political unrest and mistrust, economic stress and family disintergration are social changes that proceed sharp decreases in criminality. t/f

answer

false

question

___ is the process of guiding people into acceptable behavior patterns through information, approval, rewards, and punishment.

answer

soialization.

question

There are more than ___ americans living in poverty in the U.S.

answer

46 million

question

Which of the following theories assumes that all people have the potential to commit crimes but are kept in check by their attachments to society?

answer

social disorganziation

question

Social control theories view delinquency as the result of:

answer

an individual having weakened bonds to family, school, and peers.

question

Which element of Hirschi's social bond is illustrated by maintain a positive image in the community, good work history, and high aspirations for future accomplishments?

answer

commitment

question

Which theory postits that society creates deviance through a system of social control agencies that designate certain individuals as delinquency, thereby stigmatizing them and encouraging them to accept this negative personal identity?

answer

labeling theory

question

What statement is FALSE regarding labeling theory?

answer

it finds that positive social attachments help control delinquency.

question

Which of the following would best describe a prevention effort advocated by a social structure theorist?

answer

community redevelopment including educational programs and job training

question

According to the text, restorative justice:

answer

all of the above.

question

t/f: Restorative justice turns the justice system into a healing process rather than a distributor of retribution.

answer

true

question

t/f: peer relations can be a double-edged sword.

answer

true

question

Social bond focuses on four elements, attachment, commitment, involvement, and:

answer

belief

question

t/f: Labeling holds kids are born neither bad nor good, but become what they are through the reactions of others.

answer

true.

question

According to social reaction theory, whenever possible, anything producing stigma is to be avoided, a philosophy referred to as:

answer

nonintervention.

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