question

Which of the following is false concerning gender differences in personality?

answer

Females are more interested in competing for material success.

question

According to----- our culture polarizes males and females by forcing them to obey mutually exclusive gender roles, or "scripts".

answer

Gender Schema theory.

question

According to ------ female criminality is overlooked or forgiven by males in the criminal justice system.

answer

chivalry hypothesis.

question

Freud contended that females suffer from----- which produces an inferiority complex in girls, forcing them to compensate for their "defect".

answer

Penis Envy

question

Girls who reach puberty at an early age were viewed as being at a higher risk for delinquency because:

answer

they had more contact with older boys.

question

According to contemporary psychological views of female delinquency, which statement is false?

answer

Male delinquents are significantly more likely than females to suffer from mood disorders.

question

With regard to socialization which of the following statements is false?

answer

Males and females are similarly affected by child abuse and its link to delinquency.

question

Adler argued that female delinquency would be affected by:

answer

The changing roles of woman

question

In---- families fathers are the breadwinners and mothers stay home or have menial jobs.

answer

Paternalistic

question

Which of the following families is most likely to produce daughters whose law- violating behaviors mirror those of their brothers?

answer

egalitarian families

question

According to research on the treatment of girls in the juvenile justice system, which of the following is false?

answer

females were committed to a correctional facility at much older ages than those of males.

question

According to the text. which of the following statements about gender and the juvenile justice system is false?

answer

Girls are less likely then boys to receive the hardest sanction abailable

question

Among males, early offending is highly correlated with later misbehavior, however what is known about females criminal career path?

answer

It is influenced by current levels of social support.

question

When a young female has a chronic list of juvenile behaviors that are NOT pro-social, including drug charges, school truancy, running away, having family dynamics that are turbulent at best, and still has not had any formal charges filed against her is indicative of?

answer

The chivalry hyposthesis

question

What is known about cognitive differences between males and females

answer

all are cognitive differences

question

Cheryl has talked her way out of many deviant situations her verbal proficiency demonstrates a---- between the sexes.

answer

Cognitive

question

What is know about the aggressive behaviors and girls?

answer

girls are more likely to hide aggressive behaviors from adults.

question

What is one plausible explanation for Cheryl's sexual involvement with an older male?

answer

to receive social support from him; which is likely to magnify her problems further.

question

True or False: girls are more deeply affected than boys by child abuse and the link between abuse and female delinquency is stronger than it is for male delinquency.

answer

True

question

True or False: White gender differences have an impact on crime patterns there is no significant impact on the way boys and girls are treated by the juvenile justice system.

answer

False

question

Approximatly what percent of teens today that give birth are unmarried?

answer

90%

question

about 90% of day care providers

answer

operate "underground"

question

A study of more than 4000 youths in Denver, Pittsburgh and Rochester found that the more often a child is forced to go through family transitions:

answer

the more likely he or she is to become delinquent.

question

Which of the following is not among the research findings on the association between divorce and delinquency?

answer

Remarriage lessons the effects of divorce on youth.

question

Which of the following is not among the elements that distinguish effective and ineffective families?

answer

Father's employment

question

Of the findings by Farrington on the influence of parental deviance, which of the following is false?

answer

All are findings of the longitudinal research.

question

Which of the following is not one of the factors presented in the text as playing a role in intergenerational deviance?

answer

ethnicity

question

----- is manifested by constant criticism and rejection of the child by parents.

answer

emotional abuse

question

Pyschologist suggest that maltreated encourages children to use----- as a means of solving problem and prevents them from feeling empathy for others.

answer

aggression

question

Which statement about substance abuse and child abuse is false?

answer

Children raised in sich households are less likely to have problems with alcohol and other drugs as they refuse to model their parents behavior

question

At the------- the social service agency presents its case plan which includes visitation plans and services or other conditions of formal agreement

answer

disposition hearing

question

------ is/are periodically held to determine if the conditions of the case plan are being met

answer

review hearings

question

Which of the following is false with concern to child witnesses in the courtroom?

answer

Some states require that the defendant be present to directly question the child.

question

States have relaxed their laws of evidence to allow out of court statements by the child to be a social worker, teacher, or police officer to be used as evidence such statements would otherwise be considered.

answer

hearsey

question

Which of the following statement about the abuse delinquency link is false?

answer

The link highly suggests that most abused children become delinquent.

question

What statement is false with regard to family conflict?

answer

Intra-family conflict is a rare experience in many American Families.

question

IF the state intervenes and prosecutes the parent of a juvenile, what is the first step of the process?

answer

advisement hearing

question

According to the text sexual abuse accusations often:

answer

are made in conjunction with marital disputes/ divorces

question

True or False: If one sibling is delinquent research indicates that the probability is low to have another delinquent in the same family?

answer

False

question

True or False: Physical neglect results from parent's failure to provide adequate food, shelter, or medical care for their children.

answer

True

question

The Gluecks research focused on----- as an indicator of a delinquent career.

answer

Early onset of delinquency.

question

In latent trait theory it is believed:

answer

All of the above

question

In the life course theory it is believed

answer

All of the above

question

The similarities of the three developmental theories (latent trait, life course, and trajectory)

answer

All of the above

question

The best predictor of future criminality is

answer

Your past involvement in criminal behaiors

question

In the developemental process of life course which is true?

answer

All of the above are influence behavior

question

Which of the following is identified as the two critical "turning points" in a life of a young person?

answer

marriage and career

question

According to age- graded theory, prevention of delinquency can be achieved through four significant life-changing events. Which is not one of those events?

answer

Getting arrested

question

According to recent research conducted about love and delinquency, who is the most likely to desist from delinquency?

answer

young woman who become mothers

question

---- has a great deal of influence on behavior helps to create positive relationships with both individuals and institutions creates life-long solid friendshsips and helps people to be able to access resources through interpersonal connections with these people.

answer

Social Capital

question

---- cotends that ones propensity about for crime remains stable throughout the life course but the oppurtunities for crime fluctuate over time

answer

Latent trait view

question

The----- is a development theoru that modifies social control theory by intergrating concepts from several theories biosocial psychological routine activities and rational choice.

answer

general theory of crime

question

According to Gottefredson and Hirschi individuals who are impulsive, insensitive, physical, risk takers, short sighted, and nonverbal are said to have:

answer

an unusual brain development- tumor

question

A person with high self control is not likely to:

answer

Use inhalants and smoke pot

question

Gottfredson and Hirschi trace the root cause of poor self-control to what?

answer

Inadequate child rearing pratices

question

Moffuts concept of ------ offenders describes a situation where chronic juvenile offenders criminal careers extend into adulthood.

answer

adolescent abstainers

question

Kids who never break the law and whose conventional behavior makes them deviant in the teenage would where offending is the norm are known as:

answer

abstainers

question

What do we know about early onset of deviance?

answer

it strongly predicts more frequent, vaired, and sustained criminality later in life.

question

Positive relation that support conventional behavior and inhibit deviant behavior are called

answer

social capital

question

The General Theory of Crime advocates an impulsive personality and low self-control, combined with------- leads to more delinquent oppurtunities, thus more chances for delinquent acts. with----- leads to more delinquent oppurtunities thus more chances for delinquent acts.

answer

a weakening of social bonds.

question

Co-offending is defined as:

answer

the tendency to commit delinquent acts in small groups rather than alone.

question

which of the following statements about the impact of peer relations is true?

answer

delinquent friends cause law abiding youth to "get in trouble".

question

According to ------ theory, delinquents area as detached from their peers as they are from other elements of society.

answer

Social control

question

Even the most criminal gang members spend the bulk of their time:

answer

in noncriminal activities

question

----- was terrorized by organized gangs that called themselves names like"Hectors." "bugles" "dead boys" and other colorful names

answer

London

question

Which of the following best describes the most common reason for gang member mirgration patterns in the United States?

answer

Social, the gang member family moves.t

question

Previously, impoverished inner- city districts of major cities like New York, Chicago, and Denver have now become fashionable and exspenisve shopping locations. which of the following best describes why these same areas inhibit gang formation?

answer

there are fewer residential areas; thus far fewer adolescent recruits

question

What is NOT a method of gang communication

answer

internet

question

When gang members "throw" or flash signs to proclaim their gang membership, this is;

answer

representing

question

What statement about the age of gang members is false?

answer

the changing structure of the U.S. economy has allowed former gang members to leave gangs for higher paying jobs.

question

With regard to gender and gangs what statement is false?

answer

studies show that females leave gangs at an older age than males

question

Which of the following statements about the psychological view of gang formation is true?

answer

kids with personality deficits and pysch issues form gangs and become leaders.

question

Michelle binge drinks with her closest friends This is illustrative of:

answer

Co-offending

question

What might be expected when a young female gives birth when she is involved with a gang?

answer

she will drift away from the gang to take care of the baby.

question

Which statement about adolescent peer relations is false?

answer

peer influence is gender specific- males to males and females to females only

question

According to ---- theory, kids who engage in unstructed socializing with like- minded peers, without parental controls, will have greater oppurtunities to get involved in delinquent behaviors than those who receive adult monitoring and control

answer

routine activities

question

True or False: about half of all gang in the U.S. are composed mostly of youth who identify themselves as European Americans

answer

False

question

True or False: According to the text, organized programs that are intended to improve the lives of adolescents are one of the keys reducing gangs and delinquency.

answer

True

question

True or False: A group of youths who collectively engage in delinquent behaviors is called a clique

answer

False

question

Which statement is false with regard to minority students in school?

answer

Teachers in high-minority schools were paid more per year than their colleagues elsewhere.

question

What is not one of the effects of dropping out of high school?

answer

Dropouts report higher tax contributions than those who complete

question

In what case did the Supreme Court rule that search measures used by school officials to root out contraband must be "reasonably related to the objectives of the search and not excessively intrusive in light of the age and sex of the student and the nature of the infraction?"

answer

Safford Unified School District v. Redding

question

What legal doctrine gives the schools the right to assume some of the duties of parents, including discipline?

answer

in loco parentis

question

Which of the following statements about school shooters is true?

answer

school shooters typically develop a plan of attack well in advance

question

In Goss v. Lopez, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that:

answer

any time a student is to be suspended for up to ten days he or she is entitled to a hearing

question

In the 1986 case, Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser, the Supreme court upheld a school system's right to:

answer

discipline a student who uses obscene or profane language and gestures

question

What statement is true about dropping out?

answer

African American children receive more disciplinary infractions than children from other racial categories, despite the fact that their behavior is quite similar.

question

Which of the following statements about bullying is false?

answer

Studies suggest that victims of bullying in early grades are less likely to be bullied later

question

In a 1988 case, Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, the Court extended the right of school officials to censor active speech when it ruled that the principal could censor :

answer

articles in a school-sponsored publication

question

What statement about improving school climate and security is false?

answer

Early identification of at-risk students and removing them from the school will assist in lowering the crime rate in the school.

question

Which of the following is not a correlate of school failure according to the text?

answer

Academic integration

question

The 1969 Supreme Court case of Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District is the most important case concerning:

answer

a student's right to passive speech

question

Cohen contends that delinquency among lower class youths is a result of their poor preparation and socialization to function in schools. According to Cohen they essentially failed to live up to:

answer

middle-class measuring rods

question

Those who fail to meet expected levels of school achievement are _________ and are among the most likely to be delinquent.

answer

chronic underachievers

question

What statement regarding delinquency prevention programs is false?

answer

Recent research shows that the general public is not supportive of delinquency prevention programs due to costs.

question

Which of the following is not a potential benefit of teen courts?

answer

Inhibiting community-court relationships

question

What is true about Job Corps?

answer

The three main components of the program are vocational skills training, basic education and health care

question

According to research by Tolan and colleagues, what area did mentoring have the largest effect?

answer

Reducing aggression/delinquency

question

The juvenile justice system exercises jurisdiction over two distinct categories of offenders

answer

Delinquent and status

question

Juvenile aftercare is similar to ____________________ for adults

answer

parole

question

Which of the following statements about the juvenile justice system is false?

answer

The terminology used in juvenile justice is designed to stigmatize kids.

question

Which of the following is not a benefit of using the comprehensive juvenile justice strategy as discussed in the text?

answer

More youths entering the juvenile justice system

question

Like adults, juveniles are protected against unreasonable searches and seizures under the ________________ and Fourteenth Amendments of the Constitution.

answer

Fourth

question

Which of the following statements about a detention hearing is true?

answer

A detention hearing is normally held to determine whether to remand the child to a shelter

question

Most juvenile court acts require a dispositional hearing separate from the adjudication; this procedure is known as a:

answer

bifurcated process

question

A(n) __________________ for a juvenile is similar to a criminal trial for an adult

answer

adjudicatory hearing

question

Many experts believe that juvenile incarceration is overused and support removing as many youths from secure confinement as possible; a concept called:

answer

deinstitutionalization

question

What is not one of the key features of a highly structured preschool program?

answer

Allowance for the administration of corporal punishment with parental approval

question

According to work by Gottfredson and colleagues, what is the main difference between school programs that work and those that do not?

answer

Targeting an array of important risk factors

question

______ theory views crime as a "normal" function of modern living.

answer

routine activities

question

A guiding principle of ____ is that the choice to commit delinquent acts can be controlled by the threat of punishment

answer

General deterance

question

Which of the following statements about specific deterrence is false?

answer

The association between punishment and desistance is logical and there is plenty of evidence that punitive measures alone deter future delinquency

question

Which of the following is not among the problems that exist with relying on a deterrence based strategy to control delinquency?

answer

Juveniles often commit crimes individually; thus peer pressure has no impact on the deterrence of the law.

question

Which of the following statements about situational crime prevention efforts is true?

answer

They are designed to reduce or redirect crime by making it more difficult to profit from illegal acts

question

Contemporary biochemical factors related to delinquency include each of the following except

answer

minimal brain dysfunction

question

which of the following is not a symptom of ADHD

answer

The individual sustains interest in play activities

question

The________ developes through interactions with parents and other and represents the conscience and the moral rules that are shared by most adults.

answer

Superego

question

Which statement about attachment theory is false?

answer

Girls disproportinatly experience disrupted attachment and that these disruptions are casually related to their disproportionate rates of offending

question

The term______ to refer to a psychological state in which youth face inner turmoil and uncertainty about the life roles

answer

identity crisis

question

_________ hold that children will model their behavior according to the reactions they receive from others.

answer

Social Learning theroists

question

Which of the following is false regarding ADHD

answer

ADHD children are most often treated by giving them doses of sedatives

question

True or False: Arousal theorists believe some peoples brains function differently in response to enviromental stimuli

answer

True

question

True or False:Twin studies and adoption studies provide no concrete evidence that delinquent producing traits may be inherited

answer

False

question

True or False: Research shows that children with donduct disorder are frequently involved in bullying, fighting, commiting sexual assaults and behaving cruelly toward animals.

answer

True

question

True or False: Social learning suggests that children who grow up in homes where violence is a way of life may learn to beleive that such behavior is acceptable.

answer

True

question

True or False: Cognitive theory contends that the choice to commit delinquent acts can be controlled by the threat of punishment; if people believe illegal behavior will result in sever sanctions they will choose not to commit crimes.

answer

False

question

____ theory is the view that intelligence is determined by environment stimulation and socialization

answer

Nurture

question

Members of the urban undercalss have been described as:

answer

Truly disadvantaged

question

___ is the process of passing on deviant traditions and delinquent values from one from one generations to the thew next

answer

Cultural transmission

question

Relative deprivation refers to a sense of

answer

injustice when the poor and the rich live in close proximity to one another

question

Which statement is false regardign fear in socially disorganized neighborhoods?

answer

While doubtful, many percieve the law as legitimate, responsive, and well equipped to ensure public safety.

question

Residenmts of cohesive communities develope a sense of____ people know one another develoep interpersonal ties mutual trust and willingness to intervene in the supervision of children and help maintain public order.

answer

collective efficacy

question

According to Robert Merton individuals without acceptable means for obtaining sucess experience

answer

anomie

question

Delinquency is a result of youths desire to conform to lower- class neighborhood values that conflict with those of the larger society. This statement most closely reflects

answer

cultural deviance theory

question

When the values of a subculture clash with those of the dominant culture, this is called:

answer

culture conflcit

question

______is the process of guiding people into acceptable behavior patterns

answer

Socialization

question

Which of the follwing theorists is most likely to assert that criminal behavior is learned primarily in small intimate groups?

answer

differential association thoerists.

question

Social control thoeries view delinquency as the result of

answer

an individual having weakening bonds tot family, school and, peers.

question

In hirschi's social learning theory attachment,commitment, involvement and____ are elements of the bond to society

answer

belief

question

People who have been negatively labeled by formal or informal institutions as a result of thier participation or alleged participation in deviant or outlawed behaviors are thought to be

answer

stigmatized

question

According to social reaction thoery whenever possible anything producing stigma is to be avoided a philosophy reffered to as

answer

nonintervention

question

To survive gangs recruit members and pass down delinquent and criminal traditions to ensure survival from one generation to another. The process is known as:

answer

cultural transmission

question

A prevention stategy advocated by labeling theorists that requires removing jeviniles from secure facilities and placing them in community based programs to avoid the stigma attached to these facilities and placing them in community based programs to avoid the stigma attached to these facilities is called

answer

Deinstitutionaliztion

question

If a youth continually recieves negative feedback from significant others they will interpret thjis image as accurate and their behavior will bein to conform to these negative expectations this process is called a

answer

Self Fulfilling prophecy.

question

Which of the following statements about the U.S. youths is true?

answer

Teenage birthrates have increased substantially during the past decade.

question

Which of the following is false about the long lasting negative effects of child poverty?

answer

Educational achievement scores are not as spread apart (different) between rich children and children of poverty.

question

The Childrens defense fun has identified all but which of the following as leading kids to prison?

answer

Community institutions that receive support from various sources.

question

Which of the following statements about children in the middle ages is false?

answer

The parent-child relationship was particularly close and loving.

question

When at least one person is arrested, charged, or turned over to the court for prosecution a crime has been:

answer

cleared

question

The annual national self-report survey of 8th, 10th, and 12th graders conducted by the institute for social research (ISR) is called_______

answer

Monitoring the fture

question

Among the factors that influence delinquency rate trends, which is false?

answer

There is strong association between delinquency rates and the immigrant population.

question

In terms of race and delinquency, the official statistics show that:

answer

Minority youths are arrested for serious criminal behavior at a rate that is disproportionate to their representation in the population.

question

Which of the following is one of the major critisicism of official crime date?

answer

It is biased by police behavior and arrest practices

question

_________ are responsible for the majority of serious delinquent acts

answer

Lower-class youth.

question

The similarities of the three Developemental Theories (Latent Trait, Life Course, and Trajectory):

answer

All focus on how youth develope delinquent careers, Delinquency must be viewed as a path, not an event, All three theories integrate multiple factors.

question

A person with high self control is NOT likely to:

answer

Use Inhalents and smoke pot.

question

A guiding principle of _____ is tht the choice to commit delinquent acts can be controlled by the threat of punishment,

answer

General deterance.

question

The similarities of the three developmental theories (latent trait, life course, and Trajecotry):

answer

All focus on how youth develope delinquent careers, Delinquency must be viewed as a path not as an event, all three theories integrate multiple factors.

question

Girls are taught that self-worth depends on their ability to:

answer

Sustain relationships.

question

Which of the following statements about gender differences and delinquency is false?

answer

Females view aggression as an appropriate means to gain status.

question

According to_____ females first use their sexual charms to instigate crime and then lure males in the criminal justice system to get preferential treatment.

answer

Chivalry hypothesis.

question

What is known about the juvenile justice system's treatment of girls?

answer

girls are more likely to be detained for status offenses.

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