J200 Exam 4 Test Questions – Flashcards
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| resistance |
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| the ability to ward off diseases through innate and adaptive immunity |
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| susceptibility |
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| the lack of resistance to a disease |
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| innate immunity |
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| host defenses that afford protection against any kind of pathogen |
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| adaptive immunity |
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| the ability, obtained during the life of the individual, to produce specific antibodies and T cells |
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| Toll-like receptors (TLRs) |
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| transmembrane proteins of immune cells that recognize pathogens and activate an immune response directed against those pathogens |
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| pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) |
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| molecules present on pathogen and not self |
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| cytokines |
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| a small protein released from human cells that regulates the immune response; directly or indirectly may induce fever, pain, or T-cell proliferation |
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| dermis |
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| inner portion of the skin |
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| epidermis |
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| outer portion of the skin |
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| keratin |
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| a protein found in the hair, epidermis, and nails |
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| mucous membranes |
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| membranes that line body openings, including the intestinal tract, open to the exterior; also called mucosa |
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| skin |
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| body's largest organ in terms of surface area and weight and is extremely important component of the first line of defense |
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| mucus |
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| a slightly viscous glycoprotein produced by goblet cells of a mucous membrane |
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| lacrimal apparatus |
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| group of structures that manufactures and drains away tears |
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| saliva |
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| produced by the salivary glands, helps dilute the numbers of microorganisms and wash them from both the surface of the teeth and the mucous membranes of the mouth; helps prevent colonization of microbes |
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| hairs (of nose) |
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| filter inhaled air and trap microorganisms, dust, and pollutants |
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| cilia |
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| relatively short cellular projections from some eukaryotic cells, composed of nine pairs plus two microtubules |
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| ciliary escalator |
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| ciliated mucosal cells of the lower respiratory tract that moved inhaled particulates away from the lungs |
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| epiglottis |
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| covers the larynx during swallowing |
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| urine |
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| prevents microbial colonization of the GU tract |
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| vaginal secretions |
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| move microorganisms out of the female body |
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| peristalsis, defecating, vomiting |
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| expel microbes |
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| sebum |
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| oily substance produced by sebaceous glands; prevents hair from drying and becoming brittle |
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| perspiration |
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| helps maintain body temp, eliminate certain wastes, and flush microorganisms from the surface of the skin |
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| lysozyme |
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| enzyme contained in perspiration; capable of breaking down cell walls of gram-positive bacteria and to a lesser extent, gram-negative bacteria |
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| gastric juice |
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| produced by glands of the stomach; mixture of hydrochloric acid, enzymes, and mucus; destroys most bacteria and toxins |
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| vaginal secretions |
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| 1) glycogen produced by vaginal epithelial cells breaks down into lactic acid; creates an acid pH (3-5) that inhibits microbes 2) cervical mucus also has some antimicrobial activity |
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| normal microbiota |
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| microorganisms that colonize a host without causing disease; also called normal flora |
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| plasma |
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| blood consists of fluids called plasma and formed elements |
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| leukocytes |
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| white blood cells; 2 types: granulocytes and agranulocytes |
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| granulocytes |
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| a leukocyte with visible granules in the cytoplasm; includes: neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils |
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| neutrophils |
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| a highly phagocytic granulocyte; also called polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) or polymorph |
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| basophils |
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| a granulocyte that readily takes up basic dye and is not phagocytic; has receptors for IgE Fc regions |
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| eosinophils |
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| a granulocyte whose granules take up the stain eosin |
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| agranulocytes |
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| a leukocyte without visible granules in the cytoplasm; includes monocytes and lymphocytes, dendritic cells |
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| monocytes |
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| an agranulocyte that is a precursor of a macrophage |
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| macrophage |
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| a phagocytic cell; a mature monocyte |
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| dendritic cells |
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| a type of antigen-presenting cell characterized by long finger-like extensions; found in lymphatic tissues and skin |
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| lymphocytes |
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| a leukocyte involved in specific immune responses; includes natural killer cells, T cells, and B cells |
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| natural killer (NK) cells |
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| a lymphoid cell that destroys tumor cells and virus-infected cells |
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| perforin |
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| protein that makes a pore in a target cell membrane, released by T (sub C) cells |
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| cytolysis |
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| destruction of cells resulting from damage to their cell membrane that causes cellular contents to leak out |
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| granzymes |
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| proteases that induce apoptosis (natural programmed death of a cell; residual fragments are disposed of by phagocytosis) |
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| T cells |
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| a type of lymphocyte, which develops from a stem cell processed in the thymus gland, that is responsible for cell-mediated immunity |
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| B cell |
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| a type of lymphocyte; differentiates into antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory cells |
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| differential white blood cell count |
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| the number of each kind of leukocyte in a sample of 100 leukocytes |
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| lymphatic system |
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| consists of a fluid called lymph, vessels called lymphatic vessels, a number of structures and organs containing lymphoid tissue, and red bone marrow(where stem cells develop into blood cells, including lymphocytes) |
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| phagocytosis |
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| the ingestion of a microorganism or other substances by a cell |
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| phagocytes |
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| a cell capable of engulfing and digesting particles that are harmful to the body |
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| fixed macrophages |
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| resident in certain tissues and organs of the body; also called a histiocyte |
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| macrophage |
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| a phagocytic cell; a muture monocyte; can be fixed or free wandering |
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| free wandering macrophage |
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| roam tissues and gather at sites of infection or inflammation |
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| mononuclear phagocytic (reticuloendothelial) system |
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| a system of various macrophages located in the body |
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| chemotaxis |
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| the chemical attraction of phagocytes to microorganisms |
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| adherence |
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| the attachment of the phagocyte's plasma membrane to the surface of the microorganisms or other foreign material |
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| opsonization |
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| the enhancement of phagocytosis by coating microorganimss with serum proteins (opsonins); also known as immune adherence |
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| ingestion |
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| plasma membrane of the phagocyte extends projections that engulf the microorganism |
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| pseudopods |
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| projections that extend from phagocytes and engulf microorganisms |
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| phagosome (sac) |
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| pseudopods meet and fuse, forming the sac; phagocytic vesicle |
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| phagolysosome |
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| on contact phagosome and lysosome membranes fuse to form a single larger structure |
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| inflammation |
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| a local defensive response triggered by damage to the body's tissues; another component of the body's second line of defense |
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| acute-phase proteins |
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| serum proteins whose concentration changes by at least 25% during inflammation |
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| vasodilation |
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| dilation of blood vessels; increases blood flow to the damaged area and is responsible for the redness and heat associated with inflammation |
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| increased permeability |
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| permits defensive substances normally retained in the blood to pass through the walls of the blood vessels and enter the injured area |
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| edema |
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| accumulation of fluid |
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| histamine |
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| a chemical present in many cells in the body, esp. in mast cells, connective tissue, circ. basophils, and blood platelets; released in direct response to injury of cells that contain it |
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| kinins |
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| cause vasodilation and increase permeability of blood vessels |
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| prostaglandins |
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| substances released by damaged cells; intensify the effects of histamine and kinins and help phagocytes move through the cell wall |
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| leukotrienes |
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| substances produced by mast cells and basophils; cause increased permeability of blood vessels and help attach phagocytes to pathogens |
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| cytokines |
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| secreted by activated fixed macrophages; bring about vasodilation and increased permeability |
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| pus |
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| mixture of dead cells and body fluids, in a cavity formed by the breakdown of body tissues; localized |
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| abscess |
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| focus of infection; commonly include pustules and boils |
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| margination |
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| process by which phagocytes stick to the lining of the blood vessel |
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| diapedesis |
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| process by which phagocytes move out of blood vessels |
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| fever |
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| an abnormally high body temperature; third component of second line of defense; systemic or overall response |
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| shivering |
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| caused by body's response, blood vessels constrict, rate of metabolism increases (all increase body temp) |
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| crisis |
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| when body temp is falling (a phase) |
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| complement system |
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| defensive system consisting of over 30 proteins produced by the liver and found circulating in the blood serum and within tissues troughout the body; not adaptable and does not change |
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| membrane attack complex (MAC) |
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| complement proteins C5-C9, which together make lesions in cell membranes that lead to cell death |
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| complement activation |
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| the cascade of complement proteins that occurs during an infection; may occur in three pathways |
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| classical pathway |
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| initiated when antibodies bind to antigens |
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| alternative pathway |
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| activated by contact between certain complement proteins and a pathogen |
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| lectin pathway |
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| when phagocytosis is used by macrophages, cytokines are released that stimulate the liver to produce lectins |
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| lectins |
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| proteins that bind to carbohydrates |
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| mannose-binding lectin (MBL) |
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| a lectin that binds to carbohydrate mannose |
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| interferons (IFNs) |
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| a class of similar antiviral proteins produced by certain animal cells, such as lymphocytes and macrophages, after viral stimulation |
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| antiviral proteins (AVPs) |
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| proteins that are enzymes that disrupt various stages of viral multiplication |
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| iron-binding proteins |
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| function is to transport and store iron |
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| transferrin |
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| found in blood and tissue fluids; a human iron-binding protein that reduces iron available to a pathogen |
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| lactoferrin |
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| found in milk, saliva, and mucus; transports and stores iron |
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| ferritin |
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| located in liver, bone marrow, and spleen; stores and transports iron |
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| hemoglobin |
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| located within RBCs |
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| siderophores |
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| bacterial iron-binding protein |
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| antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) |
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| an antibiotic that is bactericidal and has a broad spectrum of activity |
