Introductory Biology CLEP Study Guide – Flashcards
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Photosynthesis
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How plants take energy from the sun and turn it into food
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Chlorophyll does what?
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Absorbs sunlight
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In photosynthesis, water and carbon dioxide is changed in what?
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Oxygen and Glucose
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Plants create what?
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Sugar and Starches
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Stomata
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Small openings on the bottom of leaves
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What opens to let in air and release oxygen photosynthesis?
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Stomata
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Transpiration
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Evaporation of water from the plants when the stomata is open during photosynthesis
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Plants need what to make food?
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Water and carbon dioxide
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Primary producer
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Plants
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Herbivores
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Animals that eat plants
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Carnivores
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Meat eaters
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Primary consumer
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Anything that eats plants
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Secondary consumers
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Anything that eats a Primary consumer
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Tertiary consumer
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Anything that eats a Secondary consumer
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Eating a plant breaks what?
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The energy bond
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Chemical process from eating food results in what?
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Free energy
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Taxonomy
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Science of naming organisms
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Monera
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Single cell bacteria
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Protista
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Multi cell organisms, like Amoebae
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Fungi
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Mushrooms
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Plantae
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Plants
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Animalia
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Animals
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There are more what then any other animal?
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Insects
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The scientific classification order for organisms is?
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1. Kingdom, 2. Phylum or Division, 3. Class, 4. Order, 5. Family, 6. Genus, 7. Species
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For Humans, what is the complete classification?
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Animalia, Chordata, Mammalia, Primates, Hominidae, Sapiens
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Chordata
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Animals with a spinal cord
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Phylogenic tree
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A tool that predicts probable evolution
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Homologous structures
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Similar bone structures
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Ecosystem
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The most inclusive ecological area, includes air, water, and energy
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Sun produces what amount of energy
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Most
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What percentage of the sun is used in photosynthesis?
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0.012
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Decomposer
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A fungus or bacteria that absorbs nutrients
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Biome
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A section of the ecosystem, defined by plant life and location
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List some major biomes
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Tropical rain forest, forest, desert, tundra, grassland, chaparral
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Name Charles Darwin's ship
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HMS Beagle
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What bird helped Darwin realize natural selection?
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Finch
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Natural Selection
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When nature determines what will evolve and what will not survive
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Gregor Mendel
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Father of Genetics
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In genetics, Upper case letters mean what? (ex. PP)
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Upper case means dominant; lower case means recessive
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Chromosomes come in what?
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Pairs
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Chromosomes carry what?
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Genes
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Somatic Cell
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Full set of chromosomes
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How many chromosomes to a set?
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46
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Cloning
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Reproducing using just the somatic cell
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Gamettes
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Reproductive cells
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How many gametes do you need for reproduction?
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2
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Zygote
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Two fused gametes, the part of a human
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Hemophilia
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Blood clotting disorder
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Disorders that can be passed on
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Colorblindness, Hemophilia, Muscular Dystrophy
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Polygenetic
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Genes that determine what is passed on
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Rh factor
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Presence or absence of protein
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Albinism
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People with little or no pigment to skin, eyes, and hair
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Tay-sachs disease
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Genetic disorder
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Cystic Fibrosis
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Genetic Disorder
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Sickle Cell Anemia
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Abnormal red blood cell that makes clogs
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Amniocentesis
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Test of amniotic fluid
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Genetic engineering
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Adding desirable traits by inserting genes
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Artificial insemination
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Sperm is taken from the male and injected into the woman for conception
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Artificial Implant
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Zygote is inserted in a host body
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Surrogate Mother
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Someone who carries an embryo who is unrelated
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In Vitro Fertilization
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Fertilization done in a lab where the sperm and eff are combined then implanted
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Ovary
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Where eggs are developed
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Ovulation
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When the egg matures and breaks through the ovary
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Where do sperm and egg meet?
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Fallopian tube
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Birth control pills signal what to the body?
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That an egg has not attached and the lining is expelled
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Yolk sac
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Sac filled with food for the embryo
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Amniotic Cavity
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The area in the body where the baby develops
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Placenta
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Placenta is the excretion track for the embryo
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Allantois
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The process of hold excretion
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Cells reproduce what?
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Themselves
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Chromosomes act as a template for what?
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Cell reproduction
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DNA stands for what?
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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DNA molecules consist of how many chains?
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Two chains
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How many pairs of chromosomes determine sex?
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One, X & Y
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How many pairs are there in a chromosome?
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23
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How many total chromosomes are there in a nucleus?
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46
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Ribosome
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Organelle
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What percentage of the body is water?
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0.9
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Carbohydrates are
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Sugar and starches
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Proteins are
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Sources of essential amino acids
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Fats
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Storage area for food
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Scurvy
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Lack of vitamin C
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Yeast is what?
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Alive and an animal
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Louis Pasteur
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Father of Microbiology
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Malaria
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Disease spread mostly by mosquitoes
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DDT
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Chemical used to kill mosquitoes, harmful to humans
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Virus
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Protein that mimics RNA and DNA
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Virus examples
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Colds, AIDS, Herpes, Flu, Measles
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Trichinosis
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Parasite eggs in the muscles of animals
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Cancer
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Genetic material that is damaged and causes sporadic cell growth
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Benign Tumor
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Cancer restricted to an area
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Malignant Tumor
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Unrestricted Cancer cell growth
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Hypertension
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High Blood Pressure
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Atherosclerosis
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Hardened arteries
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Plaque
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Built up substances in the arteries
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Leukemia
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Form of cancer where you have too many white blood cells
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Exhale
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Breathing out carbon dioxide
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Thyroid regulates what?
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Metabolism
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What glands give the "Fight or Flight" response?
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Adrenal glands
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Leukocytes
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White blood cells that fight infection
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Eurethrocytes
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Red blood cells
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Four Major Muscle Tissue Types
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Epithelial, Connectiver, Nervous, Muscle
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Three Types of Muscle Tissue
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Smooth, Skeletal, Cardiac
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Smooth Muscle examples
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Veins and arteries
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Skeletal Muscle examples
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Striated, around skeleton
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Cardiac
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Heart muscle
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Hepatic Portal Circulation
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Regulates sugar levels
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Urea
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Nitrogenous waste of humans
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Uric Acid
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Paste like feces of birds and reptiles
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Ecotherms
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Cold blooded animals
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Endotherms
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Warm blooded animals
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Warm Blooded
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Animals who regulate their own body temperature
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Cold Blooded
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Animals who need a warm climate because they do not regulate their body temperature
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Endocrine System
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Glands that produce hormones for major glands
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Cornea
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Protective covering of the eye
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Echolocation
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Ultrasound that animals (bats) use to navigate
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Pheromones
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Scents that insects use to communicate with each other
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Social Insect Example
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Bees, ants
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Which cell (animal or plant) has a cell wall?
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Plants
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Vascular Cambium
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A structure on a plant that goes from the roots up to the veins of the leaves
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Xylem
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Tree sap
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Stoma
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Openings in the leaves
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Trees grow from the top or bottom up?
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Top up
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Stigma
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Traps pollen grains
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Style
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Tube leading to plant ovary
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Anther
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Produces pollen grains
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Stamen
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Male plant organ
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Pistil
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Female plant organ
