Introduction to Nursing, Nursing Roles, The Health Illness Continuum, Holistic Nursing – Flashcards
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Middle Ages
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bubonic plague, poor sanitation, nursing orders founded
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Renaissance
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Beginning of nursing education, little organization to nursing, low social standing, medicine taught in universitites
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1600's
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Colonists faced same health problems as Europeans, fold remedies
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Industrial Revolution (1700-1800)
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Urban population growth, poor sanitation, increase in disease
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Crimean War (1854-1856)
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Florence Nightingale, improved sanitation, round the clock care, Nightingale Training School for Nurses in London (1860)
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American Civil War
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Improved nutrition and sanitation
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World War I
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Army School of Nursing, expansion of hospitals, shortage of visiting nurses
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World War II
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Federal funds to train nurses, baby boom, increase in number of hospitals, shortage of nurses, unfavorable work conditions, ANA
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Korean War
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MASH, community college nursing programs
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Vietnam War
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ICU's and recovery rooms (PACU's), technical nursing skills, specialization
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American Nurses' Association Definition of Nursing
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"The diagnosis and treatment of human responses to health and illness."
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LVN (Licensed Vocational Nurse)
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Different states have different names ex. LPNs, 12 month program
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RN
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ADN Baccalaureate Diploma
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ADN
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2 yr program, usually community colllege setting
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Baccalaureate
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4 yr, greater opportunity
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Diploma
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hosptial based schools, hosptials trained to care for their patients, 3 yrs long, some college work
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Masters Level
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APN _ Advanced Practice Nurse CNS _ Clinical Nurse Specialist NP _ Nurse Practitioner CNM _ Certified Nurse Midwife CRNA _ Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist
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PhD
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Emphasizes research Nursing is considered more of a profession because of the research that is done.
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Areas of Nursing and Research
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Self-care Physiologic Processes Comfort and Pain Self-Image Transitions Relationships Environment
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Professionalism
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behavior that upholds the status, methods, character, and standards of a given profession, a set of attributs, a way of life, that implies responsibilty and commitment
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Nurse Practice Acts
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Legally define the scope of nursing in any given state- what can nurses do Purpose is to protect the public:guarantee minimum standards that every nurse must meet. Each State has a Nurse Practice Act. Nurses who know and follow NPA are providing safe and competent care to patients. If you are not suppose to do a certain skill or whatever, don't do it.
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Professional Nursing Organizations
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Establish and improve standards for nursing practice and education-learn to learn Enhances sense of professional commitment-makes you feel good about what you are doing Accountability Educate the public Protect the public Protect one another
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Nursing Organizations
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American Nurses' Association (ANA) Internation Council of Nurses (ICN) National League for Nursing (NLN) Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE) Nation Student Nurses' Association
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Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE)
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Voluntary accredidation that we have met certain criteria they have set for that is larger than the minimal expectations
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American Nurses Association (ANA)
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Licensing Nursing Education High Standards of Nursing Improved Standards of health Promotion of professional development
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Roles of the Professional Nurse
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Caregiver-Direct patient care, clinican Advocate- Protects patients rights, helps to assert patients rights when necessary Coordinator and Manager of Care- What is the doctor, pharmacy, PT, OT doing? Continuing Care Planner- What do they need before they go home? Change Agent- What can we do to make changes in our system or with the patient? Educator- You are either the recipient or the educator.
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What is the ultimate goal of the Professional Nurse?
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To assist patients, families, aggregates (groups of people), and communities to achieve an optimal state of wellness.
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Health according to WHO
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A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease.
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Disease
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A specific disorder characterized by a certain set of signs and symptoms
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Etiology
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Cause of the disease
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Illness
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Personal experiences of feeling unhealthy
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Acute Condition
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Sudden onset, short duration, less than six months usually
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Chronic Condition
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Last for extended time, more than six months usually, more vague, ex. CHF, Asthma, never get rid of, it is just managed
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Wellness
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A state of optimal health or optimal physical and social functioning Includes relationships with other, emotional stability, intellectual growth, spiritual growth
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Health Illness Continuum
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Death on one end and Optimal Wellness on the other end
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Health Care Models
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Medical model (Scientific model) Holistic model
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Medical Model (Scientific Model)
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disease caused by germs, viruses, bacteria, breakdown of body. Tx (treatment) aimed at presenting signs and symptoms
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Holistic Model
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takes into account all aspects of individual - biological, physchological, sociological, spiritual
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Four Types of Healthcare Services
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1. Diagnosis and Treatment 2. Rehabilitation 3. Supportive Care 4. Health Promotion and Illness Prevention
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Holistic Practices Include:
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Self Responsibility Informed Choices Self Worth
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Community Based Healthcare
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Found where the people are Related to the publics desire to participate more actively in their healthcare Focus-health of the whole person in relation to the person's environment
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Leading Health Indicators
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Physical Activity Overweight and Obesity Tobacco Use Substance Abuse Responsible Sexual Behavior Mental Health Injury and Violence Environmental Quality Immunization Access to Healthcare
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Prevention
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Primary Secondary Tertiary
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Primary Prevention
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Health Education Programs Health Fairs Immunizations Family Planning Physical and Nutritional Fitness Activities
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Secondary Prevention
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You've got it, what are we going to do about it? Not going to prevent it, find it early Screening and diagnostic techniques for early diagnosis and treatment Breast Self-Exam, Testicular Exam, Assessing children for normal growth and development Encouraging regular medical and dental screenings and care Mammograms
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Tertiary Prevention
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Restore to Optimal Level Cardia rehabilitation after a heart attack Teaching a diabetic to recognize and avoid complications of the disease Refer someone to a support group for that disease process Hospice
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Complimentary Therapies
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Prayer, Relaxation, Biofeedback, Guided Imagery, Music Touch, Humor/Laughter, Nutrition
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Complimentary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)
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Treatments outside traditional Western medicine National Center for Complimentary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM)
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5 Major Domains of CAM Practices
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Alternatice Medical Systems: Oreintal medicine, Ayurvedic medicine, Homeopathy, Naturopathic medicine Mind-Body Interventions: Meditation, Hypnosis, Dance, Music, Art THerpay, Prayer Biologically Based Therapies: Diet Therapies (Dr. Atkins, Ornish, Pritikin, Weil), Shark Cartilage, Bee Pollen Manipulatice and Body Based Methods: Massage, Chiropractic, Osteopathy Energy Therapists: Qi Gong, Reiki, Therapeutic Touch, Use of Magnets
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Forces Influencing Healthcare
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Population Demographics Patterns of Disease Technology Economics Consumerism
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Manage Health Care
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Systems of care that focus on groups or populations of persons who are enrolled in a health benefit plan Most often through ones employment PPO, HMO, Integrated Service Network
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Features of Managed Care
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Pre-negotiated payment rates Mandatory pre-certification Utilization Review Limited Choice of Providers Fixed-Price Reminbursment
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Medicare
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Federally Funded Citizens over 66 yrs of age Disabled people End Stage Renal Disease
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Medicaid
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Federally and State Funded People with Low Incomes (Indigent) Blind, Elderly, and Disabled covered by supplemental security benefits Beneficiaries of aid to families with dependent kids
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Caring Theories
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Benner,Patricia Leininger, Madeline Watson, Jean
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Caring in Nursing Practice
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Presence TOuch Listening Knowing the Patient Spiritual Caring Family Care
