Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology – Flashcards
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branch of science concerned with structure of the body
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anatomy
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branch of science that deals with functions of living organisms and their parts
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physiology
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standing straight, facing forward, arms at sides with palms forward
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anatomical position
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toward the head, upper
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superior
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away from head, below
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inferior
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toward the front, in front of
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anterior
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What is another term for the anterior part of the body?
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ventral
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toward the back, behind
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posterior
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What is another term for the posterior part of the body?
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dorsal
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toward the midline of the body, on the inner side
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medial
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away from the midline of the body, on the outer side
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lateral
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closer to the point of attachment
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proximal
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farther from the point of attachment
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distal
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close to surface of body
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superficial
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toward interior of body
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deep
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making up the main axis of the body (head, neck, trunk)
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axial
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consisting of appendages or limbs
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appendicular
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orbital
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acromial
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pelvic
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patellar
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tarsal
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cubital
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pedal
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vertical plane, dividing into left and right sides
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sagittal
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divides equally into right and left halves
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midsagittal
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divides unequally into right and left sides
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parasagittal
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divides into superior and inferior sections
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transverse
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divides into anterior and posterior sections
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coronal
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major, closed compartment containing internal organs.
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body cavity
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also includes oral, nasal, orbital, and middle ear cavities
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cranial cavity
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contains the spinal cord
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vertebral cavity
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includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
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ventral body cavity
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surrounds organs of the chest, such as heart and lungs
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thoracic cavity
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houses a lung
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pleural cavity
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in the center of the thoracic cavity; it contains the pericardial cavity housing the heart, esophagus, and trachea
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mediastinum
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contains the cranial cavity and vertebral canal (cavity)
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dorsal body cavity
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cavity of the trunk below the diaphragm
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abdominopelvic cavity
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contains stomach, liver, spleen, intestines, etc...
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abdominal cavity
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contains bladder, some reproductive organs, rectum...
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pelvic cavity
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large, dome-shaped muscle separating the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
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diaphragm
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movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion
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characteristics of life
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atoms > molecules > cells > tissues > organs > organ systems > organisms
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levels of structural organization
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sum of all chemical reactions that happen in the body
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metabolism
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water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure
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five requirements of life
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dynamic condition in response to changing conditions, maintains a relatively stable environment
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homeostasis
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maintains value of condition within normal range
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negative feedback system
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if change outside of normal occurs, this feedback makes the change greater
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positive feedback system
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monitors value of a condition, senses changes
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receptor
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establishes set point around which condition is maintained (brain)
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control center
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can change value of a condition (gland or muscle)
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effector
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lubricating fluid between the parietal and visceral membranes
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serous fluid
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membrane covering the surface of the lungs
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visceral pleura
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membrane covering the surface of the heart
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visceral pericardium
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membrane covering the cavity surrounding the lungs
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parietal pleura
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membrane covering the cavity surrounding the heart
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parietal pericardium
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membrane covering the surface of the abdominal organs
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visceral peritoneum
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membrane covering the cavity surrounding the abdominal organs
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parietal peritoneum
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consists of the heart and blood vessels, responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients throughout the body
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cardiovascular system
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a group of organs including stomach, intestines, and liver working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body
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digestive system
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glands, like the thyroid and pituitary, that secrete hormones to regulate the body
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endocrine system
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made of of skin, hair, and nails; protects the body from damage such as loss of water or infection
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integumentary system
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contains lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and spleen; it transports fluids from tissues and includes the immune system
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lymphatic system
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permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood
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muscular system
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coordinates body activities by transmitting signals throughout the body; contains brain and spinal cord
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nervous system
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allows for the production of offspring for the continuation of the species
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reproductive system
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contains lungs and air passageways to allow for gas exchange
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respiratory system
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structural system that performs various functions such as, support, protection, and calcium storage
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skeletal system
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includes kidneys and bladder functioning to filter the blood to remove waste
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urinary system
