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First step as you begin the process of writing is:

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To order and organize the information you wish to present. An outline is a good start.

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What are the sections of a scientific paper?

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1. Introduction 2. Literature review 3. Methodology 4. Results 5. Discussion/Conclusions 6. References 7. Appendices

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What is included in the introduction?

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1. A statement of the problem 2. Background and significance 3. Research questions/hypothesis

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What is included in the literature review?

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1. Classic studies 2. Studies in the last 5 years

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What is included in the methodology?

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1. Design type (ex. cohort study) 2. Subject selection 3. Measurement tools/instruments 4. Data analysis

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Avoid wordiness by:

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1. Reading each sentence word for word and making sure each word is necessary to convey the meaning of the sentence 2. Ask yourself if the phrase is redundant by turning it into a question

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Use because instead of:

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1. Due to the fact that 2. The reason is because 3. Based on the fact that etc...

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Because vs. Since

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Since is time referenced Ex. I've been happier since I moved to Florida.

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Transitions:

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Bridges between what has been read and what is about to be read. Transitions between paragraphs usually link the first sentence of a new paragraph with the first sentence of the previous paragraph

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Parallelism:

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Keep the same tense when writing a sentence Ex. DON'T: "Research has shown that the best forms of cardio exercise for the elderly are cycling, swimming, and to take a walk each morning." DO: "Research has shown that the best forms of cardio exercise for the elderly are cycling, swimming, and walking."

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Define Affect:

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A verb, cannot stick a "the" in front of a verb. Ex. "Your ability to communicate clearly will affect your income immensely."

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Define Effect:

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A noun Ex. "The effect of a parent's low income on a child's future is well documented."

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What does the term i.e. mean?

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"That is" Ex. "I want more (i.e., less talk, more action).

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What does the term e.g. mean?

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"For example" Ex. "Use an anti-spyware program (e.g., Ad-Aware".

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When do you use colons?

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After an independent clause to direct attention to a list, an appositive, or a quotation. Ex. "The daily routine should include at least the following: twenty knee bends, fifty sit-ups, and fifteen leg lifts."

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Is this sentence correct? "My favorite colors are: red, blue, and green."

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No. You do not use a colon unless what precedes it is an independent clause.

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When do you use a semicolon?

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To connect major sentence elements of equal grammatical rank. Ex. "In 1800, a traveler needed six weeks to get from New York to Chicago; by 1860, the trip by railroad took only two days."

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When else do you use a semicolon?

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Between items in a series containing internal punctuation. Ex. "My favorite science fiction sagas are Star Trek, with Mr. Spock and his large pointed ears; Battlestar Galactica, with its Cylon Raiders; and Star Wars, with Han Solo, Luke Skywalker, and Darth Vader

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True or False: Contractions are okay in formal writing.

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False

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When to use quotation marks:

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1. Double quotation marks for direct quotes 2. Single quotation marks for quotable items within quotes 3. Periods and commas always go inside quotation marks 4. If quotation is complete sentence, capitalize first word

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In scientific writing, what is the order of other punctuation marks within quotation marks?

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1. Punctuation 2. Quote marks 3. Citation Ex. According to Hacker, "It is not uncommon for today's student to under-value good writing skills."4

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Where do colons and semicolons go with quotation marks?

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Colons and semicolons go outside quotation marks Ex. Sam wrote, "I regret that I cannot require students to have laptops this year"; his statement, however, will not apply to the incoming class of 2014.

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Where do you put question marks and exclamation marks when there are quotation marks?

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Inside the quotation marks unless they apply to the sentence as a whole.

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What is the most frequently misused punctuation mark?

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The comma

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When do you use a comma?

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1. Before a coordinating conjunction joining independent clauses (and, but, or, not, for, so, and yet) 2. After an introductory word group (As I was measuring cervical rotation,...." 3. Between all items in a series (First, second, and third, proofread your paper.)

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Define "style" in scientific writing:

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Refers to a specific set of rules for formatting one's manuscript. It includes instructions for things such as spacing, citations, structure of tables and figures, layout of reference lists, etc.

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Different types of styles for scientific writing:

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1. AMA style 2. APA style 3. MLA style 4. CMS style

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Basic differences between AMA and APA for point of view:

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AMA style is written in first person point of view, APA is not.

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Basic differences in heading for AMA style:

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AMA has different level headings. 1. The main title and first level headings are bold font, single spaced, and centered on the page 2. The second level headings are at the left margin 3. Third level headings are indented like a paragraph

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Basic differences in heading for APA style:

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APA has 5 levels of headings. 1. Level 5 is centered, uppercase 2. Level 1 is centered upper and lower case 3. Level 2 is centered, italicized upper and lower case 4. Level 3 is flush left (side heading), italicized upper and lower case 5. Level 4 is indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period

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Basic differences in long quotes for AMA style:

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1. If material quoted from sources is longer than 4 typewritten lines, the material should be set off in a block, in reduced type, and without quotation marks 2. Paragraph indents are generally not used unless the quoted material is known to begin a paragraph 3. Space may be added both above and below these longer quotations

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Basic differences in long quotes for APA style:

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1. Display of 40 or more words in a freestanding block of typewritten lines, and omit the quotation marks 2. Start such a block quotation on a new line, and indent the entire quotation 3. New paragraphs within the quotation should be indented, and the entire quotation should be double spaced

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Et al for AMA style:

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There is no period after "et" or "al"

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Et al for APA style:

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There is a period after "al"

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Citations in AMA style:

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Each reference should be cited in the text, tables, or figures in consecutive numerical order of appearance by means of superscript Arabic numerals, outside periods and commas, inside colons and semicolons

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Citations in APA stlye:

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1. For a single author, cite the author's last name, then a comma, then the year of publication within parentheses (Hill, 2010) 2. For a work with two authors, use an ampersand between the authors. (Hill & Cheng, 2010) 3. For works with 6 or more authors, just use the surname of the first author followed by et all. (Hill, et al.)

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What order are references listed in AMA style?

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Numerical order in which they first appeared in the text. Begin with author's last name followed by first and middle initial. With multiple authors, use commas after each author and no "and."

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What order are references listen in APA style?

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Alphabetical according to the first author's last name, with a hanging indent on the first line. Use authors first and second initials with periods after them, and ampersands where indicated. Not numbered.

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