Home Page Science Biology Microbiology Intro To Public Health Final Exam - Flashcards

Intro To Public Health Final Exam – Flashcards

Marlon Riddle

7 July 2022

question

Vaccines are an example of:

answer

Primary prevention

question

Epidemiology is part of what function of public health?

answer

Assessment

question

Primary prevention refers to:

answer

Prevention of exposure to risk factors

question

seat belt laws are an example of:

answer

secondary prevention

question

public health focuses on ___ of disease and ___ of health

answer

prevention; promotion

question

enforcing laws and regulations falls under which core function of public health?

answer

assurance

question

the core functions of public health are:

answer

assessment, policy development, and assurance

question

public health focuses on populations, whereas medicine focuses on individuals

answer

true

question

People's behavior is strongly influenced by their ____

answer

social environment

question

public health measures that contribute most to people being healthier today than they were a century ago are:

answer

sanitation, better nutrition, and occupational safety

question

Restricting the legal drinking age in the US to 21 is an example of:

answer

paternalism

question

what expresses the social justice view of public health?

answer

members of a community have collective responsibility for their common welfare

question

restricting individual freedoms for public health purposes is unconstitutional

answer

false

question

what example of justification for limiting people's freedom is likely to be the most controversial?

answer

to prevent someone from harming himself

question

what statement best expresses the market justice view?

answer

every adult individual is responsible for his/her own lot in life

question

the lesson of the "tragedy of the commons" for public health is that:

answer

under some circumstances, individuals in a community may profit by agreeing as a group to limit each person's freedom to act

question

what could be considered primarily an attempt to legislate morality

answer

laws against homosexuality

question

Many public health measures have a negative economic impact on an industry. In some cases, public health advocates would consider this economic impact to be an acceptable consequence. However, sometimes this economic impact may have mixed consequences for public health. What is most likely to have negative as well as positive results for public health?

answer

effect of banning pesticide use on the agriculture industry

question

the costs of public health measures are easier to calculate than are the benefits

answer

true

question

What measure to limit the freedom of adults in the name of public health has not been taken by the U.S. or state governments?

answer

laws against smoking cigarettes

question

Legislatures:

answer

do not have the power to restrict the actions of public health agencies

question

which governmental organization is the main assessment and epidemiological agency for the nation?

answer

CDC

question

The federal government:

answer

sometimes uses the interstate commerce provision of the Constitution to protect the health of the population

question

The level of government that, according to the Constitution, has the primary responsibility for the health of the population is:

answer

state

question

What are some of the FDA's responsibilities?

answer

evaluate new drugs, ensure the safety of foods, and regulate vaccines and diagnostic tests

question

What are some of the NIH's responsibilities?

answer

conduct research on the basic physiology of diseases, test experimental medical therapies, and operate a reference library for medical information

question

What agencies are part of the Department of Health and Human Services?

answer

NIH, FDA, CDC

question

The U.S. Constitution authorizes the federal government to do which activities relevant to public health?

answer

tax and spend

question

What carries out core public health functions, such as sanitation?

answer

local public health agencies

question

what are parts of the CDC's responsibilities?

answer

identify behavioral health hazards, control the spread of infectious diseases, and publish MMWR

question

The Framingham Heart Study identified these as risk factors for heart disease:

answer

High cholesterol, high blood pressure, smoking

question

routine data collected by the british government enabled Snow to recognize the cause of cholera

answer

true

question

john Snow is called the father of modern epidemiology because:

answer

He was the first to use epidemiology by recognizing a natural experiment was occurring.

question

Epidemiological data can be used to directly develop policy and influence population health: T/F

answer

True

question

from an epidemiological perspective, what are some factors of chronic diseases?

answer

They usually have more than one cause, they usually take a long time to develop, they are more difficult to study than infectious diseases

question

The main purpose of epidemiological surveillance is:

answer

to recognize when an outbreak is occurring so that control measures may be instituted

question

what were some findings of the British Doctors Study?

answer

death rates from lung cancer increased with the amount smoked, death rates from lung cancer were lower in ex-smokers than current smokers, and deaths from heart attacks were higher in heavy smokers

question

What are some facts about epidemiology?

answer

it studies disease occurrence in humans, it is a component of the assessment function of public health, and its objective is primarily to determine the causes of disease

question

What is true of heart disease?

answer

moderate alcohol consumption protects against heart disease

question

What are some facts about the Framingham Heart Study?

answer

it found that smokers' risks of heart disease drops to normal after they quit, publicity about its findings helped to change people's health - related behavior, and it found that high bp is associated with weight gain

question

an epidemic curve illustrates which questions of disease distribution?

answer

when

question

The Long Island Breast Cancer Study tested the hypothesis that environmental pollution was causing the relatively high rates of breast cancer among residents of Suffolk and Nassau counties of New York. Epidemiologists identified a group of 1,420 women who were diagnosed with breast cancer between 1984 and 1986 and compared their residential histories over a 20 year period with those of a matched group of healthy women. What kind of epidemiologic study was this?

answer

case-control

question

what is part of the "who" question of disease distribution?

answer

age, sex, and race

question

the nurses' health study is what kind of study?

answer

cohort

question

Researchers want to identify the impact of cholesterol on the development of heart disease. They follow individuals who are vegan, vegetarian, and meat-eaters for 10 years and they record if any of them experience a heart attack. What kind of epidemiologic study was this?

answer

cohort

question

Smoking is a(n) ____ of lung cancer

answer

determinant

question

The New York State Health Department reported in 1997 that the death rate for AIDS in the state had fallen over the past year due to the efficacy of the new drugs. The incidence of HIV remained constant. What happened to the prevalence of HIV infections?

answer

It increased

question

An epidemiologist investigating an outbreak of encephalitis in New York City reports that there have been 17 new cases this week. Which of the following terms best describes the number he reports?

answer

Incidence of encephalitis

question

When epidemiologists are called on to investigate an outbreak of an infectious disease, what is the first thing they must do?

answer

agree on a case definition

question

International comparisons of cancer mortality suggest that which of the following factors accounts for differences among countries in colon and rectum cancer?

answer

diet

question

What is a common source of error in a large cohort study?

answer

confounding variables

question

what is a common source of error in a small epidemiologic study?

answer

random variation

question

In a case-control study that found an association between breast cancer and air pollution, 500 women who had recently been diagnosed were asked what industries were within a mile of their home twenty years ago. The controls were 500 healthy women. What is the most likely source of error in this study?

answer

reporting bias

question

what is a common source of error in a large case-control study?

answer

subjects do not remember their past exposure

question

what is an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

answer

a committee that ensures studies are well designed and ethical

question

In an intervention study to determine whether a vegetarian diet can help college women to lose weight, 500 residents of a women's dormitory were divided into two groups: one that ate in a vegetarian dining hall and one that ate a normal diet. Women were allowed to choose which group they wished to be in. After three months, the vegetarian group had lost an average of 10 pounds while the control group had not lost weight. What is the most likely source of error in this study?

answer

selection bias

question

what has been proven effective as a treatment for the disease indicated?

answer

penicillin for syphilis

question

what is a common source of error in a large randomized controlled trial?

answer

subjects do not adhere to the prescribed regimen

question

In a cohort study that found an association between alcohol consumption and bladder cancer, 20,000 middle-aged men were asked about their drinking habits and then tracked for five years to watch for the development of cancer. Researchers asked the men about their diet and exercise habits, but not about smoking. What is the most likely source of error in this study?

answer

confounding variable

question

it is hard to conduct studies with human participants because:

answer

it is hard to control human behavior, people may not have the motivation to adhere to the study protocols, and people may lie about their behavior during the study

question

a low p-value means:

answer

there's a low probability that the result occurred by chance

question

the death rate in Florida is higher than the death rate in Alaska because:

answer

the population in Florida is older

question

to avoid false positives in a screening program to detect pregnancy, a test must be:

answer

highly specific

question

which of the following is the definition of the birth rate?

answer

the number of live births per 1,000 people

question

If you want to compare death rates in two cities with populations that are different from one another with respect to age, you should compare:

answer

age adjusted death rates

question

what is true about risk assessment?

answer

it includes a judgment of the probability that a harmful event will occur

question

to avoid false negatives in a screening program to detect breast cancer among women over 50 years of age, the test must be

answer

highly sensitive

question

a concept used as a measure of premature mortality is:

answer

YPLL

question

the birth rate of a population in the U.S. will be affected by all of the following:

answer

age of the population, proportion of females in the population, and ethnicity of the population

question

what cause of death has the greatest impact on YPLL?

answer

suicide

question

What is true about data relevant to infant mortality?

answer

birth certificates contain info that may help to explain why an infant dies, the info on birth certificates is used mainly for public health research, and birth certificates contain info on when the mother first received prenatal care

question

What is true of the BRFSS?

answer

The data is self-reported by the individuals who are interviewed

question

data is collected on all of the following events as a part of vital statistics:

answer

births, abortions, deaths

question

all of the following categories of people are likely to be missed in the Census:

answer

poor minorities, illegal aliens, homeless

question

what pieces of data are part of the vital statistics system?

answer

births, dissolutions of marriage, and deaths

question

what is true of the U.S. Census?

answer

it obtains more details about the population by conducting the American Community Survey; starting in the 2000 census, people were allowed to check more than one race, and in the 2010 Census, everyone was sent the same, short form

question

What vital statistics record are linked to give additional public health information?

answer

births and infant deaths

question

census data can be used for:

answer

determining sex specific rates or race specific rates; tracking trends in interracial marriage; and determining age-adjusted and age-specific rates

question

the National Center for Health Statistics is part of which of the following agencies:

answer

CDC

question

which population health surveys does not rely on people to report their own health?

answer

national health and nutrition examination survey

question

What are some factors of measles?

answer

it requires a repeat vaccination to be effective, it is caused by a virus, it can be fatal

question

what are some diseases caused by a virus?

answer

polio, rabies, small pox, west nile, yellow fever, aids, cold, hepatitis, influenza, and measles

question

which disease can be treated with antibiotics successfully? Typhoid, Malaria, Smallpox, or Rabies?

answer

typhoid

question

what is a method of interrupting the chain of infection?

answer

immunization, hand washing, quarantine

question

what diseases are caused by bacteria?

answer

cholera, diphtheria, dysentary, plague, pneumonia, staph, strep, syphilis, tetanus, typhoid, tuberculosis

question

infectious diseases are caused by...

answer

pathogens

question

which disease is not considered eradicable? Rabies, measles, polio, smallpox

answer

rabies

question

Herd immunity works by emphasizing the philosophy that vaccination of the___________ provides protection to __________ individuals.

answer

majority; unvaccinated

question

which disease is transmitted by a vector? malaria, typhoid, tuberculosis, aids

answer

malaria

question

What is the only virus to be eradicated worldwide?

answer

smallpox

question

Which bacteria has a reservoir in water towers used for air conditioning?

answer

Legionnaire's disease

question

With which of the following diseases would you be most likely to be infected if you were stuck in an elevator for several hours with a patient suffering from the disease? Cholera, Malaria, aids, tuberculosis

answer

tuberculosis

question

HIV can be transmitted by:

answer

being pricked by a contaminated hypodermic needle, heterosexual intercourse with an infected person, homosexual intercourse with an infected male

question

What practices contribute to widespread antibiotic resistance?

answer

physicians prescribing antibiotics for viral infections, routine use of antibiotics in animal feed, and easy spread of hospital acquired infections

question

The flu vaccine must be changed every year based on specific strains that are circulating worldwide. T/F

answer

True

question

These viruses originate in animals and spread readily among humans:

answer

West Nile virus, hantavirus, and SARS

question

people infected with a prion can be easily treated. T/F

answer

False

question

Which practices are effective in preventing HIV transmission?

answer

use of clean needles for injections, using condoms for sex, treating pregnant women with antiretroviral drugs

question

scientists believe that all of the following are responsible for the emergence of new infections:

answer

ecological change, changing social conditions, and inappropriate use of antibiotics

question

In an HIV positive person, exposure to what can lead to HIV transmission?

answer

Breast milk

question

A high fat diet increases the risk of:

answer

Cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease

question

According to the genetic screening guidelines from the Institute of Medicine (IOM), newborn screening should only be done when:

answer

it benefits the newborn, it can confirm disease diagnosis, and treatment is available for the infants

question

Diabetes increases the risk of cancer T/F

answer

False

question

the main sources of cholesterol in the american diet are:

answer

eggs, meat, and milk

question

congenital anomalies may be caused by:

answer

some bacteria and viruses, some drugs and chemicals, genetics

question

What are some known teratogens?

answer

tetracycline, alcohol, diethylstilbesterol (DES)

question

what are some conditions associated with cardiovascular disease?

answer

atherosclerosis, hypertension, high LDL

question

smoking is known to increase the risk of all the following diseases:

answer

cardiovascular disease, bladder cancer, lung cancer

question

Sickle cell disease is caused by which kind of gene?

answer

recessive

question

Most conditions tested for in newborn screening programs are autosomal recessive T/F

answer

True

question

some cancers are caused by viruses T/F

answer

True

question

According to the CDC, it is safe for pregnant women to consume small amounts of alcohol throughout their pregnancies. T/F

answer

False

question

Huntington is caused by which kind of gene?

answer

Dominant gene

question

Which cancer can be prevented by immunization?

answer

cervical

question

Which pathogens are known causes of birth defects?

answer

syphilis, rubella, toxoplasma parasite

question

diet has not been implicated as a cause of which of the following diseases? Cardiovascular disease, type 1/2 diabetes, cancer

answer

type 1 diabetes

question

What is a goal of genomic medicine?

answer

to create specialized drug regimens based on genetic makeup

question

What is a practical application of the human genome project?

answer

predicting individuals' response to therapeutic drugs

question

The risk of which diseases increase with age?

answer

cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer

question

The intrapersonal level in the ecological model of health behavior is most influenced by which of the following factors? self efficacy, school/work, family/friend, laws

answer

self efficacy

question

people of low SES are to blame for their poor health T/F

answer

False

question

Black Americans tend to have lower SES than whites. T/F

answer

True

question

African Americans and whites of the same socioeconomic status are equally healthy or unhealthy. T/F

answer

False

question

African Americans and Hispanics are on average poorer than whites. T/F

answer

true

question

What are some responses to the war on drugs?

answer

financial incentives for drug dealers, increased rates of incarceration for minor drug offenses, high prices of drugs

question

Which educational efforts by the government has been shown to significantly reduce the prevalence of the targeted behavior?

answer

surgeon general's 1964 report on smoking and health

question

high SES is associated with what factors that affect health behavior?

answer

high educational level, strong social support, high self efficacy

question

recent thinking about promotion of health behavior focuses on which factors?

answer

the social environment

question

which factor is associated with self efficacy?

answer

a sense of control over one's behavior

question

The model that describes five levels of influence on health behavior (interpersonal, intrapersonal, institutional, community, and public policy) is called what:

answer

ecological model

question

poor people have higher mortality rates for all of the following reasons:

answer

poor nutrition, adverse environmental conditions, more stress

question

A program that is effective in getting people to change their health-related behavior must convey all of the following messages:

answer

there is something that i could do that would reduce my risk, i am at risk, i am strong enough to make these changes

question

which of the following actual causes of death is least under the control of individual behavior? poor diet and inactivity, misuse of alcohol, tobacco, toxic agents

answer

toxic agents

question

Which factor is considered the leading ACTUAL cause of death in the US?

answer

tobacco

question

socioeconomic status is determined by all of the following:

answer

education, income, occupation

question

Which model describes perceived severity, susceptibility, barriers, and benefits?

answer

health belief model

question

The model that describes five stages of change of health behavior (precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance) is called which of the following

answer

transtheoretical model

question

Which of the following diseases is not known to be -- in part at least -- preventable by practicing healthy behavior? cancer, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, arthritis

answer

arthritis

question

the most important predictor of overall health is:

answer

socioeconomic status

question

poor diet and inactivity contribute to all of the following causes of death:

answer

diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease

question

Which intervention has proven most successful in reducing the prevalence of smoking among young people?

answer

raising cigarette taxes

question

All of the following factors have contributed to a reduction in the prevalence of smoking:

answer

laws against smoking in indoor public places, taxes, evidence that tobacco companies use dishonest practices to hook new users

question

All of the following public health measures to increase physical activity have had success in some places:

answer

walking school bus, aerobic dance programs in school, pedometers

question

Cigarette smoking is known to be a major cause of death and disability from all of the following diseases:

answer

heart disease, low birthweight, cancer

question

All of the following factors contributed to the increasing prevalence of smoking in the first half of the 20th century:

answer

fallacy of women's immunity, distribution of free cigarettes to soldiers, mass marketing campaigns

question

lack of physical activity raises the risk of all of the following:

answer

high blood pressure, death from cardiovascular disease, diabetes

question

the cause of the greatest number of deaths annually in the US is:

answer

smoking-related diseases

question

Which food/drink contribute the most to overweight in children?

answer

soft drinks

question

nicotine is a carcinogen T/F

answer

False

question

The 2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act permits all of the following actions by the FDA:

answer

restriction on advertising of cigarettes, requirement for disclosure of ingredients of cigarettes, regulation of nicotine in cigarettes

question

Cigarette companies purposefully manipulate nicotine levels in order to make cigarettes more addictive to consumers. T/F

answer

True

question

The Body Mass Index is a standard measure used by health professionals to determine health risks associated with obesity. T/F

answer

True

question

All of the following public health measures to combat obesity have been implemented in some places:

answer

"5-a-Day" educational campaigns, requirements for food labeling, weight report cards

question

federal guidelines recommend that americans eat more of all these foods:

answer

whole grains, fruits, veggies, low fat milk products

question

Weight carried in the midsection is less harmful to health than extra weight in the hips. T/F

answer

False

question

The percentage of Americans who are overweight has increased over the past two decades T/F

answer

True

question

Federal guidelines recommend that Americans eat less of all these foods:

answer

sweetened beverages, processed foods, meat

question

All of the following factors contributed to the tobacco industry's agreement to the Master Settlement Agreement:

answer

lawsuit by state attorneys general, publication of tobacco industry internal documents, lawsuits by injured smokers

question

Cigarette advertising on television was banned in agreement with the Federal Communications Commission. T/F

answer

True

question

The Master Settlement Agreement included these provisions:

answer

restrictions on billboard advertising, payment of $206 billion to 46 states over a 25 year period, creation of the American Legacy Foundation

question

Which component of tobacco smoke keeps people addicted?

answer

Nicotine

question

What is a method of secondary prevention of motor vehicle injuries?

answer

Airbags

question

The only way to prevent firearms injuries is to ban guns T/F

answer

False

question

Use of guns accounts for the high rates of suicide among American adolescents T/F

answer

True

question

These are methods of primary prevention of motor vehicle injuries:

answer

laws that require annual inspection of automobile brakes, divided highways, laws against drunk driving

question

Old people have higher injury rates than young people T/F

answer

False

question

African Americans have higher injury rates than whites T/F

answer

True

question

Traumatic brain injuries are common in these instances:

answer

boxers, motor vehicle crashes, football players

question

Substandard housing increases the risk of house fires T/F

answer

True

question

Poor people are more likely to use cell phones while driving T/F

answer

False

question

The leading cause of occupational injury death is:

answer

motor vehicle crashes

question

These contribute to motor vehicle injuries:

answer

youth, alcohol, cell phone use

question

What are some effects of population?

answer

social breakdown, emerging infections, global warming

question

Which group of Americans do not have a right to medical care? Children, Veterans, the elderly, children

answer

children

question

This was created as a federal insurance program for the poor?

answer

Medicaid

question

The world population...

answer

Is currently at about 7 billion, is growing rapidly, growth rate is decreasing

question

The earth's capacity is limited by all of the following:

answer

amount and productivity of the land, amount and disposition of wastes, supply and availability of fresh water

question

The U.N. has decided that the best strategy for controlling population growth is:

answer

ensuring women's rights

question

All of the following approaches to controlling medicare spending have been tried:

answer

DRGs, Price controls, Managed care

question

Demographic transition is the phenomenon where...

answer

birth rates fall because of falling death rates

question

All of the following programs were created to provide medical care for the poor:

answer

local health department clinics, community health centers, medicaid

question

Which effect of population growth has not yet occurred? depletion of fish stocks, depletion of soil, water shortages, global population control

answer

global population control

question

more money is spent on medical care than on public health T/F

answer

true

question

This federal program was created for individuals over the age of 65

answer

Medicare

question

What is defensive medicine?

answer

Ordering more diagnostic tests and procedures than necessary to safeguard doctors' practices

question

Public health improvements have contributed to world population growth T/F

answer

True

question

Public health in the United States is not affected by population growth in developing countries T/F

answer

False

question

The percentage of Americans who lack health insurance is higher than that in other industrialized countries T/F

answer

True

question

Most Americans who lack health insurance are over 65 T/F

answer

False

question

Which of the following countries have the highest birth rate? US, Russia, Sub-saharan Africa, East Asia

answer

Sub-saharan africa

question

Sick individuals requiring life saving treatment can be turned away from emergency rooms if they are unable to pay for medical services. T/F

answer

False

question

Immunization for school children is required by law T/F

answer

True

question

The US pays more health care costs than all other countries T/F

answer

True

question

Most Americans' health insurance is paid for by:

answer

their employers

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question

Vaccines are an example of:

answer

Primary prevention

question

Epidemiology is part of what function of public health?

answer

Assessment

question

Primary prevention refers to:

answer

Prevention of exposure to risk factors

question

seat belt laws are an example of:

answer

secondary prevention

question

public health focuses on ___ of disease and ___ of health

answer

prevention; promotion

question

enforcing laws and regulations falls under which core function of public health?

answer

assurance

question

the core functions of public health are:

answer

assessment, policy development, and assurance

question

public health focuses on populations, whereas medicine focuses on individuals

answer

true

question

People's behavior is strongly influenced by their ____

answer

social environment

question

public health measures that contribute most to people being healthier today than they were a century ago are:

answer

sanitation, better nutrition, and occupational safety

question

Restricting the legal drinking age in the US to 21 is an example of:

answer

paternalism

question

what expresses the social justice view of public health?

answer

members of a community have collective responsibility for their common welfare

question

restricting individual freedoms for public health purposes is unconstitutional

answer

false

question

what example of justification for limiting people's freedom is likely to be the most controversial?

answer

to prevent someone from harming himself

question

what statement best expresses the market justice view?

answer

every adult individual is responsible for his/her own lot in life

question

the lesson of the "tragedy of the commons" for public health is that:

answer

under some circumstances, individuals in a community may profit by agreeing as a group to limit each person's freedom to act

question

what could be considered primarily an attempt to legislate morality

answer

laws against homosexuality

question

answer

effect of banning pesticide use on the agriculture industry

question

the costs of public health measures are easier to calculate than are the benefits

answer

true

question

What measure to limit the freedom of adults in the name of public health has not been taken by the U.S. or state governments?

answer

laws against smoking cigarettes

question

Legislatures:

answer

do not have the power to restrict the actions of public health agencies

question

which governmental organization is the main assessment and epidemiological agency for the nation?

answer

CDC

question

The federal government:

answer

sometimes uses the interstate commerce provision of the Constitution to protect the health of the population

question

The level of government that, according to the Constitution, has the primary responsibility for the health of the population is:

answer

state

question

What are some of the FDA's responsibilities?

answer

evaluate new drugs, ensure the safety of foods, and regulate vaccines and diagnostic tests

question

What are some of the NIH's responsibilities?

answer

conduct research on the basic physiology of diseases, test experimental medical therapies, and operate a reference library for medical information

question

What agencies are part of the Department of Health and Human Services?

answer

NIH, FDA, CDC

question

The U.S. Constitution authorizes the federal government to do which activities relevant to public health?

answer

tax and spend

question

What carries out core public health functions, such as sanitation?

answer

local public health agencies

question

what are parts of the CDC's responsibilities?

answer

identify behavioral health hazards, control the spread of infectious diseases, and publish MMWR

question

The Framingham Heart Study identified these as risk factors for heart disease:

answer

High cholesterol, high blood pressure, smoking

question

routine data collected by the british government enabled Snow to recognize the cause of cholera

answer

true

question

john Snow is called the father of modern epidemiology because:

answer

He was the first to use epidemiology by recognizing a natural experiment was occurring.

question

Epidemiological data can be used to directly develop policy and influence population health: T/F

answer

True

question

from an epidemiological perspective, what are some factors of chronic diseases?

answer

They usually have more than one cause, they usually take a long time to develop, they are more difficult to study than infectious diseases

question

The main purpose of epidemiological surveillance is:

answer

to recognize when an outbreak is occurring so that control measures may be instituted

question

what were some findings of the British Doctors Study?

answer

death rates from lung cancer increased with the amount smoked, death rates from lung cancer were lower in ex-smokers than current smokers, and deaths from heart attacks were higher in heavy smokers

question

What are some facts about epidemiology?

answer

it studies disease occurrence in humans, it is a component of the assessment function of public health, and its objective is primarily to determine the causes of disease

question

What is true of heart disease?

answer

moderate alcohol consumption protects against heart disease

question

What are some facts about the Framingham Heart Study?

answer

question

an epidemic curve illustrates which questions of disease distribution?

answer

when

question

answer

case-control

question

what is part of the "who" question of disease distribution?

answer

age, sex, and race

question

the nurses' health study is what kind of study?

answer

cohort

question

answer

cohort

question

Smoking is a(n) ____ of lung cancer

answer

determinant

question

answer

It increased

question

An epidemiologist investigating an outbreak of encephalitis in New York City reports that there have been 17 new cases this week. Which of the following terms best describes the number he reports?

answer

Incidence of encephalitis

question

When epidemiologists are called on to investigate an outbreak of an infectious disease, what is the first thing they must do?

answer

agree on a case definition

question

International comparisons of cancer mortality suggest that which of the following factors accounts for differences among countries in colon and rectum cancer?

answer

diet

question

What is a common source of error in a large cohort study?

answer

confounding variables

question

what is a common source of error in a small epidemiologic study?

answer

random variation

question

answer

reporting bias

question

what is a common source of error in a large case-control study?

answer

subjects do not remember their past exposure

question

what is an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

answer

a committee that ensures studies are well designed and ethical

question

answer

selection bias

question

what has been proven effective as a treatment for the disease indicated?

answer

penicillin for syphilis

question

what is a common source of error in a large randomized controlled trial?

answer

subjects do not adhere to the prescribed regimen

question

answer

confounding variable

question

it is hard to conduct studies with human participants because:

answer

it is hard to control human behavior, people may not have the motivation to adhere to the study protocols, and people may lie about their behavior during the study

question

a low p-value means:

answer

there's a low probability that the result occurred by chance

question

the death rate in Florida is higher than the death rate in Alaska because:

answer

the population in Florida is older

question

to avoid false positives in a screening program to detect pregnancy, a test must be:

answer

highly specific

question

which of the following is the definition of the birth rate?

answer

the number of live births per 1,000 people

question

If you want to compare death rates in two cities with populations that are different from one another with respect to age, you should compare:

answer

age adjusted death rates

question

what is true about risk assessment?

answer

it includes a judgment of the probability that a harmful event will occur

question

to avoid false negatives in a screening program to detect breast cancer among women over 50 years of age, the test must be

answer

highly sensitive

question

a concept used as a measure of premature mortality is:

answer

YPLL

question

the birth rate of a population in the U.S. will be affected by all of the following:

answer

age of the population, proportion of females in the population, and ethnicity of the population

question

what cause of death has the greatest impact on YPLL?

answer

suicide

question

What is true about data relevant to infant mortality?

answer

question

What is true of the BRFSS?

answer

The data is self-reported by the individuals who are interviewed

question

data is collected on all of the following events as a part of vital statistics:

answer

births, abortions, deaths

question

all of the following categories of people are likely to be missed in the Census:

answer

poor minorities, illegal aliens, homeless

question

what pieces of data are part of the vital statistics system?

answer

births, dissolutions of marriage, and deaths

question

what is true of the U.S. Census?

answer

question

What vital statistics record are linked to give additional public health information?

answer

births and infant deaths

question

census data can be used for:

answer

determining sex specific rates or race specific rates; tracking trends in interracial marriage; and determining age-adjusted and age-specific rates

question

the National Center for Health Statistics is part of which of the following agencies:

answer

CDC

question

which population health surveys does not rely on people to report their own health?

answer

national health and nutrition examination survey

question

What are some factors of measles?

answer

it requires a repeat vaccination to be effective, it is caused by a virus, it can be fatal

question

what are some diseases caused by a virus?

answer

polio, rabies, small pox, west nile, yellow fever, aids, cold, hepatitis, influenza, and measles

question

which disease can be treated with antibiotics successfully? Typhoid, Malaria, Smallpox, or Rabies?

answer

typhoid

question

what is a method of interrupting the chain of infection?

answer

immunization, hand washing, quarantine

question

what diseases are caused by bacteria?

answer

cholera, diphtheria, dysentary, plague, pneumonia, staph, strep, syphilis, tetanus, typhoid, tuberculosis

question

infectious diseases are caused by...

answer

pathogens

question

which disease is not considered eradicable? Rabies, measles, polio, smallpox

answer

rabies

question

Herd immunity works by emphasizing the philosophy that vaccination of the___________ provides protection to __________ individuals.

answer

majority; unvaccinated

question

which disease is transmitted by a vector? malaria, typhoid, tuberculosis, aids

answer

malaria

question

What is the only virus to be eradicated worldwide?

answer

smallpox

question

Which bacteria has a reservoir in water towers used for air conditioning?

answer

Legionnaire's disease

question

answer

tuberculosis

question

HIV can be transmitted by:

answer

being pricked by a contaminated hypodermic needle, heterosexual intercourse with an infected person, homosexual intercourse with an infected male

question

What practices contribute to widespread antibiotic resistance?

answer

physicians prescribing antibiotics for viral infections, routine use of antibiotics in animal feed, and easy spread of hospital acquired infections

question

The flu vaccine must be changed every year based on specific strains that are circulating worldwide. T/F

answer

True

question

These viruses originate in animals and spread readily among humans:

answer

West Nile virus, hantavirus, and SARS

question

people infected with a prion can be easily treated. T/F

answer

False

question

Which practices are effective in preventing HIV transmission?

answer

use of clean needles for injections, using condoms for sex, treating pregnant women with antiretroviral drugs

question

scientists believe that all of the following are responsible for the emergence of new infections:

answer

ecological change, changing social conditions, and inappropriate use of antibiotics

question

In an HIV positive person, exposure to what can lead to HIV transmission?

answer

Breast milk

question

A high fat diet increases the risk of:

answer

Cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease

question

According to the genetic screening guidelines from the Institute of Medicine (IOM), newborn screening should only be done when:

answer

it benefits the newborn, it can confirm disease diagnosis, and treatment is available for the infants

question

Diabetes increases the risk of cancer T/F

answer

False

question

the main sources of cholesterol in the american diet are:

answer

eggs, meat, and milk

question

congenital anomalies may be caused by:

answer

some bacteria and viruses, some drugs and chemicals, genetics

question

What are some known teratogens?

answer

tetracycline, alcohol, diethylstilbesterol (DES)

question

what are some conditions associated with cardiovascular disease?

answer

atherosclerosis, hypertension, high LDL

question

smoking is known to increase the risk of all the following diseases:

answer

cardiovascular disease, bladder cancer, lung cancer

question

Sickle cell disease is caused by which kind of gene?

answer

recessive

question

Most conditions tested for in newborn screening programs are autosomal recessive T/F

answer

True

question

some cancers are caused by viruses T/F

answer

True

question

According to the CDC, it is safe for pregnant women to consume small amounts of alcohol throughout their pregnancies. T/F

answer

False

question

Huntington is caused by which kind of gene?

answer

Dominant gene

question

Which cancer can be prevented by immunization?

answer

cervical

question

Which pathogens are known causes of birth defects?

answer

syphilis, rubella, toxoplasma parasite

question

diet has not been implicated as a cause of which of the following diseases? Cardiovascular disease, type 1/2 diabetes, cancer

answer

type 1 diabetes

question

What is a goal of genomic medicine?

answer

to create specialized drug regimens based on genetic makeup

question

What is a practical application of the human genome project?

answer

predicting individuals' response to therapeutic drugs

question

The risk of which diseases increase with age?

answer

cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer

question

The intrapersonal level in the ecological model of health behavior is most influenced by which of the following factors? self efficacy, school/work, family/friend, laws

answer

self efficacy

question

people of low SES are to blame for their poor health T/F

answer

False

question

Black Americans tend to have lower SES than whites. T/F

answer

True

question

African Americans and whites of the same socioeconomic status are equally healthy or unhealthy. T/F

answer

False

question

African Americans and Hispanics are on average poorer than whites. T/F

answer

true

question

What are some responses to the war on drugs?

answer

financial incentives for drug dealers, increased rates of incarceration for minor drug offenses, high prices of drugs

question

Which educational efforts by the government has been shown to significantly reduce the prevalence of the targeted behavior?

answer

surgeon general's 1964 report on smoking and health

question

high SES is associated with what factors that affect health behavior?

answer

high educational level, strong social support, high self efficacy

question

recent thinking about promotion of health behavior focuses on which factors?

answer

the social environment

question

which factor is associated with self efficacy?

answer

a sense of control over one's behavior

question

The model that describes five levels of influence on health behavior (interpersonal, intrapersonal, institutional, community, and public policy) is called what:

answer

ecological model

question

poor people have higher mortality rates for all of the following reasons:

answer

poor nutrition, adverse environmental conditions, more stress

question

A program that is effective in getting people to change their health-related behavior must convey all of the following messages:

answer

there is something that i could do that would reduce my risk, i am at risk, i am strong enough to make these changes

question

which of the following actual causes of death is least under the control of individual behavior? poor diet and inactivity, misuse of alcohol, tobacco, toxic agents

answer

toxic agents

question

Which factor is considered the leading ACTUAL cause of death in the US?

answer

tobacco

question

socioeconomic status is determined by all of the following:

answer

education, income, occupation

question

Which model describes perceived severity, susceptibility, barriers, and benefits?

answer

health belief model

question

The model that describes five stages of change of health behavior (precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance) is called which of the following

answer

transtheoretical model

question

Which of the following diseases is not known to be -- in part at least -- preventable by practicing healthy behavior? cancer, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, arthritis

answer

arthritis

question

the most important predictor of overall health is:

answer

socioeconomic status

question

poor diet and inactivity contribute to all of the following causes of death:

answer

diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease

question

Which intervention has proven most successful in reducing the prevalence of smoking among young people?

answer

raising cigarette taxes

question

All of the following factors have contributed to a reduction in the prevalence of smoking:

answer

laws against smoking in indoor public places, taxes, evidence that tobacco companies use dishonest practices to hook new users

question

All of the following public health measures to increase physical activity have had success in some places:

answer

walking school bus, aerobic dance programs in school, pedometers

question

Cigarette smoking is known to be a major cause of death and disability from all of the following diseases:

answer

heart disease, low birthweight, cancer

question

All of the following factors contributed to the increasing prevalence of smoking in the first half of the 20th century:

answer

fallacy of women's immunity, distribution of free cigarettes to soldiers, mass marketing campaigns

question

lack of physical activity raises the risk of all of the following:

answer

high blood pressure, death from cardiovascular disease, diabetes

question

the cause of the greatest number of deaths annually in the US is:

answer

smoking-related diseases

question

Which food/drink contribute the most to overweight in children?

answer

soft drinks

question

nicotine is a carcinogen T/F

answer

False

question

The 2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act permits all of the following actions by the FDA:

answer

restriction on advertising of cigarettes, requirement for disclosure of ingredients of cigarettes, regulation of nicotine in cigarettes

question

Cigarette companies purposefully manipulate nicotine levels in order to make cigarettes more addictive to consumers. T/F

answer

True

question

The Body Mass Index is a standard measure used by health professionals to determine health risks associated with obesity. T/F

answer

True

question

All of the following public health measures to combat obesity have been implemented in some places:

answer

"5-a-Day" educational campaigns, requirements for food labeling, weight report cards

question

federal guidelines recommend that americans eat more of all these foods:

answer

whole grains, fruits, veggies, low fat milk products

question

Weight carried in the midsection is less harmful to health than extra weight in the hips. T/F

answer

False

question

The percentage of Americans who are overweight has increased over the past two decades T/F

answer

True

question

Federal guidelines recommend that Americans eat less of all these foods:

answer

sweetened beverages, processed foods, meat

question

All of the following factors contributed to the tobacco industry's agreement to the Master Settlement Agreement:

answer

lawsuit by state attorneys general, publication of tobacco industry internal documents, lawsuits by injured smokers

question

Cigarette advertising on television was banned in agreement with the Federal Communications Commission. T/F

answer

True

question

The Master Settlement Agreement included these provisions:

answer

restrictions on billboard advertising, payment of $206 billion to 46 states over a 25 year period, creation of the American Legacy Foundation

question

Which component of tobacco smoke keeps people addicted?

answer

Nicotine

question

What is a method of secondary prevention of motor vehicle injuries?

answer

Airbags

question

The only way to prevent firearms injuries is to ban guns T/F

answer

False

question

Use of guns accounts for the high rates of suicide among American adolescents T/F

answer

True

question

These are methods of primary prevention of motor vehicle injuries:

answer

laws that require annual inspection of automobile brakes, divided highways, laws against drunk driving

question

Old people have higher injury rates than young people T/F

answer

False

question

African Americans have higher injury rates than whites T/F

answer

True

question

Traumatic brain injuries are common in these instances:

answer

boxers, motor vehicle crashes, football players

question

Substandard housing increases the risk of house fires T/F

answer

True

question

Poor people are more likely to use cell phones while driving T/F

answer

False

question

The leading cause of occupational injury death is:

answer

motor vehicle crashes

question

These contribute to motor vehicle injuries:

answer

youth, alcohol, cell phone use

question

What are some effects of population?

answer

social breakdown, emerging infections, global warming

question

Which group of Americans do not have a right to medical care? Children, Veterans, the elderly, children

answer

children

question

This was created as a federal insurance program for the poor?

answer

Medicaid

question

The world population...

answer

Is currently at about 7 billion, is growing rapidly, growth rate is decreasing

question

The earth's capacity is limited by all of the following:

answer

amount and productivity of the land, amount and disposition of wastes, supply and availability of fresh water

question

The U.N. has decided that the best strategy for controlling population growth is:

answer

ensuring women's rights

question

All of the following approaches to controlling medicare spending have been tried:

answer

DRGs, Price controls, Managed care

question

Demographic transition is the phenomenon where...

answer

birth rates fall because of falling death rates

question

All of the following programs were created to provide medical care for the poor:

answer

local health department clinics, community health centers, medicaid

question

Which effect of population growth has not yet occurred? depletion of fish stocks, depletion of soil, water shortages, global population control

answer

global population control

question

more money is spent on medical care than on public health T/F

answer

true

question

This federal program was created for individuals over the age of 65

answer

Medicare

question

What is defensive medicine?

answer

Ordering more diagnostic tests and procedures than necessary to safeguard doctors' practices

question

Public health improvements have contributed to world population growth T/F

answer

True

question

Public health in the United States is not affected by population growth in developing countries T/F

answer

False

question

The percentage of Americans who lack health insurance is higher than that in other industrialized countries T/F

answer

True

question

Most Americans who lack health insurance are over 65 T/F

answer

False

question

Which of the following countries have the highest birth rate? US, Russia, Sub-saharan Africa, East Asia

answer

Sub-saharan africa

question

Sick individuals requiring life saving treatment can be turned away from emergency rooms if they are unable to pay for medical services. T/F

answer

False

question

Immunization for school children is required by law T/F

answer

True

question

The US pays more health care costs than all other countries T/F

answer

True

question

Most Americans' health insurance is paid for by:

answer

their employers

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