Intro to psych test 4 – Flashcards
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The _____ is the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.
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Fetus
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Schizophrenia is said to be chronic when:
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It develops slowly
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Even though Marie isn't currently thinking about the events surrounding the day when she graduated from high school, she can easily bring those memories to conscious awareness. In terms of Freud's theory of personality, Marie's memories are stored at the _____ level of awareness.
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Preconscious
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An abnormal shrinkage of cerebral tissue and over-active dopamine transmission in the brain are most likely to be associated with:
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schizophrenia.
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Katia realized that she conceived a child about seven days ago. She rushes to find a book on pregnancy so that she can learn more about what is happening. Which of the following does the book say occurs around the seventh day (first week) of pregnancy?
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The cells of the zygote begin to differentiate.
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According to Piaget, during which stage of cognitive development do the developmental phenomena of object permanence and stranger anxiety occur?
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sensorimotor
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This is a minutes-long episode of intense fear that something horrible is about to happen that includes physical symptoms, such as irregular heartbeat, chest pains, shortness of breath, choking, trembling, or dizziness.
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panic disorder
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People with schizophrenia sometimes lapse into an emotionless state called:
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flat effect.
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These class of personality theories explore the interaction between people's traits and their social context
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social-cognitive theories
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The _____ is the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.
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embryo
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One of the hallmarks of schizophrenia is disorganized thinking. Theorists suggest that people with such disorganized thoughts have:
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a breakdown in selective attention.
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_____ psychologists investigate the influence of multiple factors on how people change physically, mentally, and socially—including biological, environmental, social, cultural, and behavioral factors—at every stage of life.
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Developmental
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During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, children:
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rely on sensory and motor skills to acquire practical knowledge about the world.
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Jamil has been in and out of jail for armed robbery, sexual assault, and several murders. Jamil feels no guilt for his actions. He recalls that even as a young boy he would torment and kill little animals as a part of his game. He would most likely be diagnosed as having:
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antisocial personality disorder
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Although Marc realizes his behavior is unreasonable, he is so distraught by high bridges that he avoids them and takes an unnecessarily lengthy route to and from work each day. Marc appears to suffer from a(n):
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phobia
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Dr. Burns is a therapist who is open about his feelings and self-disclosing with his clients. Carl Rogers referred to this attitude as:
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genuineness.
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When parents are consistently warm and responsive to their infant, the infant is likely to develop a(n) _____ attachment to the parents; when parents neglect the infant, are inconsistent, or are insensitive to the infant's needs, the infant is likely to develop a(n) _____ attachment to the parents.
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secure; insecure
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After Nadia learned that penguins cannot fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This best illustrates the process of:
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accommodation.
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Ever since she was 3 weeks old, Tamara has been a contented baby who has slept and eaten well and adapted easily to new experiences. A developmental psychologist would probably describe Tamara's temperament as:
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easy
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The relationship between the season in which people are born and their subsequent risk for schizophrenia best highlights the role of ____________ in this disorder.
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viral infections in the mother during pregnancy
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According to Freud, this part of the personality is largely conscious and is the mediator that operates on the reality principle.
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the ego
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Nadina's therapist is an active listener who often paraphrases what she says. He does not judge her and is quite open to her exploration of her perceived weaknesses. He gives her appropriate validation and encourages her to reflect on her feelings. He wants to deepen her self-understanding. Her therapy is most likely __________ in nature.
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humanistic client-centered
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Which of the following is the term used by psychologists to describe an infant's inborn predisposition to behave in a consistent manner and react in a particular way?
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temperament
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When adolescents achieve the intellectual summit that Jean Piaget called _____, they apply their new abstract reasoning tools to the world around them.
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formal operations
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Aaron Beck's therapy, which teaches people new and more adaptive ways of thinking, is based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions. This type of therapy is called:
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cognitive therapy.
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Dionne is constantly concerned about things at work even when she is at home. She is constantly worried about her home life even when she is at work. Dionne has a free-floating anxiety that leaves her tense and irritable, impairs her concentration, and leaves her with many sleepless nights. Dionne suffers from a(n):
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generalized anxiety disorder.
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Erik Erikson proposed that at this stage of life people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work; oppositely, they may feel a lack of purpose.
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generativity versus stagnation stage
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Which of the following activities illustrates egocentrism?
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While talking on the phone, a little boy holds up four fingers in response to being asked how old he is by the person speaking to him.
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These therapists assume that problem behaviors are learned and are maintained by reinforcement, therefore, eliminating those behaviors involves removing the reinforcers and learning new behaviors.
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behavior therapists
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According to Piaget, this is a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.
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schema
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Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas is known as:
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assimilation.
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Five-year-old Otto complained to his mom that the pizza was not big enough. When she cut the pizza into smaller slices, Otto was happy because he now thought that there was more pizza. Otto lacks the concept of:
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conservation.
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These therapists help people understand their current symptoms by focusing on themes across important relationships during their early childhood and how these relationships are subsequently projected onto their relationship with the therapist.
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psychodynamic therapists
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Personality is best defined as an individual's:
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characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
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According to Carl Rogers, three conditions are necessary to promote personality growth. These are:
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genuineness, acceptance, and empathy.
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Sixteen-year-old Jeremy is trying out different clothes and hairstyles. His father is confused and sometimes shocked by his combinations of shirts and pants, earrings, chains, and hair colors. His mother, on the other hand, just laughs. Jeremy is in the stage of development called:
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identity versus role confusion.
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In traditional psychoanalysis, transference refers to patients':
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unconscious response to therapists in terms of significant personal relationships from the patients' childhood.
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______________ is an attitude of total acceptance toward another person. Carl Rogers believed that this attitude nurtures growth in others.
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Unconditional positive regard
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According to Carl Rogers, the client-centered therapist ideally should demonstrate:
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genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding.
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According to Freud, fixation refers to an unresolved conflict in the process of:
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psychosexual development.
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Trina suffers from depression. Her physician has placed her on an antidepressant called Paxil that will help increase her ____________ supplies by blocking reuptake so that her receptor sites get enough of this neurotransmitter.
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serotonin
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According to Freud, the ego is guided by _____.
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the reality principle
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Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) by Albert Ellis focuses on _______________
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irrational, unrealistic, perfectionist, and melodramatic beliefs that shape clients' interpretations of everyday events
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Dr. O'Higgins believes that the study of personality should focus on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences. Dr. O'Higgins probably would identify with the _____ perspective on personality.
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trait
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Most common pharmacological treatment for depression today involves
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SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) that restore serotonin balance in the brain
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Boris is a prolific painter. However, he is also prone to periods of hopelessness and depression, which are followed by periods of mania. It seems likely that Boris is suffering from a:
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bipolar disorder.
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Genie has always had trouble with her weight. She was not breast-fed when she was an infant and her psychoanalyst thinks she is overcompensating. In which psychosexual stage would he say Genie is fixated?
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oral
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According to Hans and Sybil Eysenck, the individual variation in personality can be reduced to only 3 dimensions, including which of the following?
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extraversion-introversion
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______________ is a psychoanalytic method for exploring the unconscious. With this method, patients are told to relax and say whatever comes to mind.
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Free association
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In psychiatry and psychology, diagnostic classification aims to do all of the following EXCEPT:
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identify those who are deemed treatable.
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According to Albert Bandura, reciprocal determinism involves multidirectional influences among:
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behavioral factors, cognitive factors, and environmental factors
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Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
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hallucinations
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Veda is sociable, fun-loving, and affectionate. She would likely score very high on the Big Five personality trait called ________:
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extraversion.
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According to the social-cognitive perspective, our behavior is influenced by the __________ between our traits (including our cognition) and our social context.
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interaction
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Albert Bandura proposed the Reciprocal Determinism model of personality, where cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors mutually cause each other all at the same time, creating a personality. The cognitive influence on personality would reflect the:
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expectations and interpretations.
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The Big Five personality factors include:
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conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion.
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People are more likely to recover from ________ schizophrenia than from chronic schizophrenia.
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acute
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Physicians and mental health workers use the detailed diagnostic criteria and codes in the _____ to guide medical diagnoses.
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DSM-5
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In a disorder called _____, the person suffers from repetitive, unwanted thoughts or behaviors or both.
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obsessive-compulsive disorder
