Intro to Microbiology-Cadenas – Flashcards

Physical Agents

Chemical Agents

Mechanical Removal Agents

Heat

or

Radiation

Gases

+

Liquids

Filtration

Microbial Control

Method Officer

False: they reduce the number of microbes, and

may eradicate, but they

don't always.

True

Endospores killed at 120ºC

with moist heat.

Heat is a physical control method.

Vegetative forms are killed at 80ºC using moist heat.

Heat is a physical control method.

Endospores are killed

using 4,000 grays of radiation.

Vegetative forms are killed with 1,000 grays of radiation.

Radiation is a physical killing agent.

Endospores are killed by

 applying 1,200 mg/l of sterilizing gas (ethylene oxide). (remember ethyl alcohol??)

Vegetative forms are killed by

 applying 700 mg/l of sterilizing gas (ethylene oxide). (remember ethyl alcohol??)

Endospores are killed after 3 hours of exposure to a sporicidal liquid:

2% glutaraldehyde.

10 minutes

(Sporicidal liquids are chemical agents.)

False - killing endospores and vegetative forms is a SCIENCE.

Higher resistance by endospores compared to vegetative forms is an argument for needing more Microbial Control Method Officers.

Book: a process that destroys or removes all viable microorganisms, including viruses.

Cadenas: one should ask, "If not destroyed, where have the M/Os been moved, and where are they now?"

Book: any material that has been subjected to the process of destruction or removal of all viable microorganisms, including viruses.

Cadenas: THIS IS STRAIGHTFORWARD

Book: a chemical that destroys bacteria except for those in the endospore stage. It may or may not be effective on other microbial groups.

Cadenas: no further comment

STERILIZATION DESTROYS OR REMOVES ALL VIABLE M/Os - this includes viruses. 

THIS WAS MENTIONED DURING SECTION ON DEFINITIONS. Chopping up viral capsids is a way to destroy viruses.

Book: a chemical that CAN kill fungal spores, hyphae and yeasts.

Cadenas: THIS IS NOT LIMITED TO FUNGI, PER THE DEFINITION. USE OF THE WORD CAN INDICATES THAT IT'S NOT ALWAYS EFFECTIVE.

;

Book: any chemical known to inactivate viruses, especially on living tissue.

;

Cadenas: THE VIRUSES ARE NOT KILLED BECAUSE VIRUSES ARE NOT ALIVE.

;

Book: an agent which prevents the growth of bacteria on tissues or on objects in the environment.

;

Cadenas: STASIS = STOPPING/CEASING OF MOTION/TO STAND STILL. **this is a BACKUP MECHANISM used because a bactericide may not have killed all the bacteria. This would be Step 2.

;

Book: the use of a physical process or a chemical agent (a disinfectant) to destroy vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores. (...usually only on inanimate objects)

;

Cadenas: WOULD NEED TO FOLLOW UP W/ANOTHER METHOD TO TAKE CARE OF SPORES LEFT BEHIND.

;

;

Cadenas note:

veg. pathogen is a fully-grown disease-causing pathogen.

Book: the growth of microorganisms in the blood and other tissues.

;

Cadenas: IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER THAT SEPSIS IS NOT LIMITED TO BLOOD. One should ask,"How far has sepsis progressed? New/lingering infection? Any other tissues involved?"

;

Book: any practice that prevents the entry of infectious agents into sterile tissues and thus prevents infection.

;

Cadenas: THIS IS PREVENTATIVE, WHICH IS A MAJOR FOCUS IN HEALTHCARE.

;

(just a "Cadenas-ism")

Sanitization: any cleansing technique that removes debris, microorganisms, and toxins, and in this way reduces potential for infection and spoilage.

;

Cadenas:;SPORES ARE INCLUDED IN THIS! DEBRIS = food for M/Os.

;

1. Killing spores ; always killing bacteria.
2. You should monitor drugs being removed from market, has legal and health implications.
   
3. Know drugs you are administering, you'll need to monitor therapeutic levels.

Microbes targeted:   SLOW sporicidal

Leval of Activity:      Intermediate

Toxicity:                  ↑ toxic gas (vapors), skin irritant

             Inactivated by organics, unstable in sunlight.

Cadenas: NOT bacteriostatic or bactericidal AT ALL. Can introduce problems due to cracks in skin. Strong enough to kill spores ≠ strong enough to kill bacteria.

Microbes targeted:   SLOW sporicidal

Leval of Activity:      Intermediate

Toxicity:                  Tissue irritant, Toxic to ingest

Cadenas: NOT TO BE LEFT IN ROOM WITH PATIENTS OF ANY AGE. Also, many believe that if it hurts, it must be clean!

Microbes targeted:   Most bacteria, viruses, fungi

Leval of Activity:      Intermediate

Toxicity:                  Toxic to ingest, mild irritant, dries skin

                              also Flammable, fast-acting

Cadenas: no comment

Microbes targeted:   Certain very sensitive species

Leval of Activity:      VERY LOW

Toxicity:                  Nontoxic, few if any toxic effects

Cadenas: USED FOR REMOVING SOIL, OIL, DEBRIS. More effective soaps lift both + and - charged items from surface or skin.

Microbes targeted:   WEAKLY microbistatic

Leval of Activity:      LOW

Toxicity:                  HIGHLY Toxic to ingest, inhale, absorb

Cadenas: USED OUTSIDE OF THE U.S. THESE DAYS. This does not kill ANYTHING, and barely even slows down the M/Os.

Microbes targeted:   Sporicidal

Leval of Activity:      HIGH

Toxicity:                  Can irritate skin, Toxic if absorbed

Cadenas: EMPHASIZED HIGH LEVEL OF TOXICITY IF ABSORBED.

False:

soaps only lift surface debris, etc. from skin.

Only added antimicrobial chemicals would kill some M/Os.

Cationic soaps/detergents have:

molecules with a + charged end

(binds with - charged bacterial surface proteins)

and

an uncharged hydrocarbon chain which

helps lyse M/O cell membrane.

(p. 343)

1. Selectively toxic to _______ but nontoxic to _____.
2. Microbicidal rather than microbi________.
3. Relativley soluble; functions even when highly diluted in ________ fluids.
   

4. Remains potent long enough to act and is not _________ or _______ prematurely.

5. Doesn't lead to the development of _______. (Hint: Cadenas also stated that we don't want drug to allow Transformation.)

6. Complements or assists the activities of the host's ___.

7. Remains active in tissues and _____.

8. Readily delivered to the site of _____.

9. Reasonably priced.

10. Does not disrupt the host's health by causing ____ or predisposing the host to other ____.

1) inhibition of cell wall synthesis

2) breakdown of the cell membrane structure or function

3) inhibition of structures and functions of DNA and RNA

4) inhibition of protein synthesis

5) blocks on key metabolic pathways (via enzymes)

The measure (an indicator)

of a drug's toxicity

a TI of 10 is much better. A lower ratio such as 1.1 indicates that the

MINIMUM effective (therapeutic dose)

is very close to the toxic dose

Book: An individual who inconspicuously

shelters a pathogen and spreads

it to others without any notice.

Book: a live animal that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another

Book: an infection indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans.

Book: describes disease when an infected host can transmit the infectious agent to another host and establish infection in that host

Book: when an infectious agent is highly communicable, especially through direct contact

Book: infectious diseases that are acquired or develop during a hospital stay