question

representative institutions

answer

groups of people acting and making decisions for others benefit, centralized decision making

question

Henry II (r. 1154-1189)

answer

of England founder of Angevian dynasty, gained land and created strong centralized government with judiciary

question

John of Salisbury (c. 1120-1180)

answer

chancellor who wrote the Politicraticus (the first written political science text)

question

John (r. 1199-1216)

answer

he was a heavily disliked King (tyrant like) as he was weak and charged high taxes for his war activity

question

Anglo-French War (1202-1214)

answer

fight in the duchy of Normandy, caused England to lose lots of territory under the reign of John

question

Battle of Bouvines (1214)

answer

final battle of the Anglo-French War, England lost to Capetians

question

Magna Carta (1215)

answer

"great charter" conservative document that set out to limit the rights of the ruler that King John was forced to sign

question

Henry III (r. 1216-1272)

answer

king who spent a lot of money on acquiring Sicily which led to increased irritation of the English and the development of the Provisions of Oxford

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Provisions of Oxford (1258)

answer

England's first constitution that established a Parliament led by the justiciar

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Justiciar

answer

the head of Parliament

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Parliament

answer

council of barons created by the Provisions of Oxford

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Simon de Montfort (d. 1265)

answer

first Justiciar

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Edward I (r. 1272-1307)

answer

a great king who operated within the confines and embraced the constitutional monarchy

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Philip Augustus (r. 1180-1223)

answer

Capetian who increased French territory and made Paris the capital city for a more centralized government

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Louis VIII (r. 1223-1226)

answer

gave away land to his relatives to appease which created independent provinces

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Apanage

answer

a gift of land given to a ruler's relatives

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Blanche of Castile (1188-1252)

answer

regent for son but fought in battles, which created a stable and prosperous French kingdom

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Louis IX (r. 1226-1270)

answer

France's greatest king, reigned in powers of officials

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Enguêteurs

answer

traveling officials to hold courts, hear local opinions, and deal with problems

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Parlement

answer

French judiciary court

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Philip IV (r. 1285-1314)

answer

dedicated to a French centralized government and created a 3 part court system (general complaints, investigation and final judgment) for better finances for his wars

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Estates General

answer

Philip IV created this representative assembly in order use ecclesiastical money for war efforts

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Frederick II (r. 1215-1250)

answer

German Christian open to religions (Islam) and most frequently excommunicated ruler

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Constitutions in Favor of the Princes of Germany (1231)

answer

Frederick II surrendered a number of important Royal rights to the secular princes

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Constitutions of Melfi (1231)

answer

asserted Frederick II power over those in Italy, which made them no longer independent communes and created heavy tension

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Habsburgs

answer

new family coming to power in Germany, have a slow and gradual rise in power but very influential in history

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Genoa

answer

dominant economic trading force by working with rival Pisa to rid of Islamic enemies

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Pisa

answer

weaker economic force within the rivalry with Genoa, settled in 2 islands left of Italy

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Catalans/Catalonia

answer

major economic power between Carolingian Empire (France) and Islamic Spain

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Crown of Aragon

answer

loose and separately governed confederation consisting of Catalonia, Argaon, Valencia and Sardinia

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Peter the Great (r. 1276-1285)

answer

King of Aragon who helped Sicilian's end their French control and added them to Crown of Aragon

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War of the Sicilian Vespers

answer

war that was Aragon and Sicily vs. French Anjous, A+S won and united

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Sicily

answer

Island south of Italy

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Venice

answer

economic power that relied on maritime trade rather then agriculture, contributed salt

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Principality of Epiros

answer

lame in trying to preserve Byzantine Empire

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Empire of Trebizond

answer

lost a lot of land to Empire of Nicaea so couldn't really compete in preserving Byzantine Empire

question

Empire of Nicaea

answer

strongest force to preserve Byzantine Empire

question

Theodore I Laskaris (r. 1205-1222)

answer

emperor of Nicaea

question

Michael VIII Palaiologos (r. 1259-1282)

answer

emperor a part of the last Byzantine Dynasty, restored and created a stable empire

question

Reconquest of Constantinople (1261)

answer

ending of the Latin Empire by the hands of Michael VIII Palaiologos with help of Genoa

question

Charles of Anjou (r. 1266-1285)

answer

French that irritated Sicilian people after conquering them and threat to Michael Palaiologos

question

Second Council of Lyons (1274)

answer

Michael VII Palaiologos' attempt to unify the East and West church

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Scholasticism

answer

study where the three principles of truth are: argument, authority and additive

question

Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225-1274)

answer

professor in Paris who attracted students and wrote Summa contra Gentiles and Summa theologica

question

Summa contra Gentiles

answer

irrefutable arguments utilized to convert people to Christianity by Thomas Aquinas

question

Summa theologica

answer

summary of all Christian beliefs written by Thomas Aquinas

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Robert Grosseteste (1168-1253)

answer

English scholar and head of the University of Oxford, developed Theory of Light and believed necessary truth is conditional

question

Roger Bacon (1214-1292)

answer

English scholar whose goal was to create a summa scientifica

question

Basilica churches

answer

pre 13th century, very basic and flat wood ceilings

question

Transept

answer

added seating space for congregation in a church that gives the church a cross shape

question

Apse

answer

rounded area at the front of church where priest preached

question

Romanesque

answer

harmonized cross shape from apse and transept, thick walls, barrel vaults, plain and few windows

question

barrel vault

answer

rounded ceiling made of stone to decrease chance of collapse in Romanesque churches

question

Gothic

answer

fancy and elaborate churches to attract pilgrims and therefore money

question

ribbed vault

answer

pointed ceiling structure in Gothic style churches

question

flying buttress

answer

extensions off the outside of the church for better stabilization

question

Denis Suger (c. 1081-1151)

answer

supporter of gothic structure through spiritual ideals (importance of light)

question

Monstrance

answer

elaborate piece raised up during the sacrament

question

social identity/labeling

answer

developed in urban centers of medieval times in order to differentiate between religions and social class

question

livery

answer

special uniform worn by a servant or official

question

sumptuary laws

answer

clothing designation for each social class within a city

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burghers/bourgeoisie

answer

the upper class/in France

question

guild

answer

corporations of merchants and artisans for protection, power, and skill

question

apprentices/journeymen/masters

answer

One bound by legal agreement to work for another for a specific amount of time in return for instruction in a trade, art, or business/fully educated yet work must be approved/owner

question

fair

answer

temporary large scale markets held for merchants to be cost effective

question

banking

answer

based on land and crops

question

usury

answer

the illegal action or practice of lending money at unreasonably high rates of interest

question

city planning

answer

groupings of guilds within the city

question

Jewish ghetto

answer

walled areas for Jewish separate from the city for protection

question

Literacy

answer

knowledge of Latin

question

imitatio Christi

answer

"imitate Christ" idea arose during late medieval religiosity

question

evangelical poverty

answer

Chruches should live in poverty rather than there wealth because money is dangerous and one can't be preoccupied with Earthly materials if they want to make it to heaven

question

penance

answer

showing remorse of actions through a generous act

question

mendicants/friars

answer

monk-priest leaders during the late medieval period successful in reforming

question

Dominicans (Order of Preachers)

answer

order of monk that focused on rigorus study and education specifically art, science, and theology

question

Dominic de Guzmán (1170-1221)

answer

priest that worked to convert Cathars to Orthodox and didn't see heresy as a bad thing so he founded the Dominicans

question

Fransiscans (Order of Friars Minor)

answer

order that focused on living by example, they were barefooted beggars in dark grey cloaks

question

Francis of Assisi (1181-1226)

answer

merchants son who spoke to animals and was granted permission to preach by the Pope

question

Clare of Assisi (1194-1253)

answer

founded women order known as Poor Clares and wrote first female monastic order

question

Poor Clares

answer

women order branch off of the Franciscans

question

Beguines

answer

independently religious female order made up of unmarried women in the early 13th century that had an emphasis on poverty ad charity

question

humanity of Christ

answer

developing idea in that late medieval period that Christ was loving and forgiving, not stern

question

Christ's Passion

answer

is the short final period in the life of Jesus covering his visit to Jerusalem and leading to his execution by crucifixion, an event central to Christian beliefs

question

Cult of the Virgin

answer

the growing importance of the Virgin Mary herself in intercessory prayer

question

Mysticism

answer

strange widespread self delusion in the spiritual union with God

question

Hadewijch of Brabant (d.c. 1245)

answer

leader of Beguines? that wrote letters about her relationship with Christ

question

spiritual eroticism

answer

close relationship with God that needed to be explained using sexual terms

question

Margery Kempe (c. 1373-c. 1438)

answer

English, illiterate, middle class woman who scripted the writing of the first autobiography about her relationship with God

question

Cult of Mary Magdalene

answer

symbol and hope for sinners to become saints

question

mystical theology

answer

branch of Christian theology which focuses on experiences that are believed to have no physical or mental cause

question

divine vs. demonic possession

answer

narrowing of the accepted mysticism after the rise of scholasticism

question

Little Ice Age

answer

period of global colder climate following the medieval warm period that created an agricultural decline due to shortened summers and increase of wind

question

The Great Famine (1311-1322)

answer

long running series of crop failures that led to a shortage of food in the west effecting 30-40 million

question

Monoculture

answer

practice for farmers that only produced one crop

question

credit crisis

answer

tenant farmers had trouble paying rent which led to debt and the dependency of banks for credit although many large banks started to fail

question

large-scale rural migration

answer

peasant farmers not succeeding so they turned to looking for jobs in the city which merely led to overcrowding

question

Black Death

answer

diseases that spread over 5 years starting in 1347 and killing 1/3 of population

question

Siege of Kaffa (1346)

answer

where plague came from cause Mongolians launched diseased bodies over the city wall

question

bubonic plague

answer

main disease during the black death that impacts the lymphatic system

question

yersinia pestis

answer

bacteria that was in the fleas that resided on rats

question

buboes

answer

boils that developed on skin of those infected by bubonic plague

question

pneumonic plague

answer

infection of the respiratory system, 90-100% death rate

question

septicemic plague

answer

3rd more rare disease

question

lazarets

answer

hospitals that quarantined people for protection of the whole city

question

flagellants

answer

monks and laymen who publically whipped themselves in hopes to receive forgiveness from God

question

plague saints

answer

patron saints to specifically help out during the black death like St Sebastian and St Roche

question

pogroms

answer

organized persecutions (against Jews) due to scapegoating

question

Peasants' Revolt (1381)

answer

outcome of the Black Death after an increase in poll tax, hoped for end of serfdom and lower rent

question

Hundred Years War (1337-1453)

answer

fight between France and England over who had the right to the throne, France won but ultimately the social changes and military technologies were of greater importance

question

Edward III (r. 1327-1377)

answer

claimed French throne as he was the closest male relative in Capetain line (mom was a princess) but the French opposed him since he was already the English king

question

Philip VI (r. 1328-1350)

answer

chosen French king because he had direct lineage on the male side which began the Valois Dynasty

question

Valois dynasty

answer

French dynasty that began with Philip VI

question

longbows and crossbows

answer

new military technology for long distance and short range respectively that was very cheap and allowed for more involvement of the army by lower class people

question

Battle of Agincourt (1415)

answer

an English victory during Hundred Years War due to their extensive use of the long bow

question

Joan of Arc (c. 1412-1431)

answer

woman who had a divine calling to be placed at the Franch battle front, she boosted soldier morale since God was on their side...burned at stake for her heretics after being captured and sold by Burgundians to England

question

Pope Boniface VIII (r. 1294-1303)

answer

pope that was very disliked for his want of power, wrote Unam Sanctam and Clericos Laicos to achieve this

question

Unam Sanctam (1302)

answer

bull that overstepped authority of the papacy and angered many secular powers

question

Philip IV (r. 1285-1314)

answer

a king that was angered by Pope Boniface

question

Clement V (r. 1305-1314)

answer

French pope that was feared so he moved papacy to France starting the Avignon Papacy

question

Avignon Papacy (1305-1378)

answer

sucession of 8 popes that resided in southern France which made the Church have no reliable leader

question

Great Schism (1378-1417)

answer

different than the other one, was about the difficulty of finding one pope to lead, had 3 at one time due to no acceptance for council authority

question

Conciliar Movement

answer

councils trying to gain authority in the Church even over the pope

question

Council of Pisa (1409)

answer

elected a third pope during the Great Schism which neither of the 2 already existing popes accepted, so now 3 popes as leaders

question

Council of Constance (1417)

answer

elected a 4th pope that would lead alone as he was backed by secular powers sequentially ending the great schism

question

Haec Sancta and Frequens (1417)

answer

assertions made by the Council of Constance that council had more authority over everyone even the pope

question

John of Salisbury

answer

Policratus, 12th Century

question

Magna Carta

answer

1215

question

Michel VIII

answer

On the Recovery of Constantinople, 13th Century

question

Thomas Aquinas

answer

On the Proof of God's Exsistence, 13th Century

question

Ordiances of the Merchnat's Guild of Southhampton

answer

14th Century

question

Thomas of Cantimpre

answer

Defense of the Mendicants, 13th Century

question

Caesarius of Heisterbach

answer

Diologue on Miracles, 13th Century

question

The Book of Margery Kempe

answer

13th/14th Century

question

Boccacio

answer

The Great Plague, 14th Century

question

Pope Boniface VIII

answer

Unam Sanctum, 1302

question

The Council of Constance

answer

Haec Sancta + Frequens, 1417

question

William of Ockham (c. 1288-1348)

answer

lecturer of philosophy that looked at specific thoughts to prove theories with brevity

question

intuition vs abstraction

answer

knowing things as true based on senses of intuition vs. knowing the truth of an identity

question

Marsilius of Padua (c. 1275-1342)

answer

Northern Italian, wrote about demarcations of secular and ecclesiastical matters

question

Dante Alighieri (1266-1321)

answer

writer of poetry and developer of Tuscan dialect, commentary of self-reflection or courtly love

question

The Divine Comedy

answer

discusses Dante's travels through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise

question

Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1340-1400)

answer

a fun author that utilized the people he met growing up as chracters

question

The Canterbury Tales

answer

written by Geoffrey Chaucer: 24 pilgrim tales

question

Christine de Pizan (1364-1430)

answer

first women writer since she needed to support herself as a young widow, emphasized to live in here and now and for women to be taken seriously

question

Ottoman Turks

answer

branch of the Seljuk Turks in Anatolia that formed after Monogolians attacked Seljuk

question

Mehmed II 'the Conqueror' (r. 1451-1481)

answer

leader of the Ottoman Turks, conquered Constantinople

question

Fall of Constantinople (1453)

answer

the city was conquered by the Ottoman Turks and the Byzantine Empire was effectively over

question

Atlantic maritime expansion

answer

trade expanded to utilizing the Atlantic Ocean by sailing around tip of Africa,

question

John Wycliff (Lollards) (1330-1384)

answer

theologian at Oxford and founder of the Lollards who believed in the importance of morality and wanted an English translation of the bible

question

Jan Hus (Hussites) (1372-1415)

answer

professor of theology, moderate party of reform

question

Gutenberg Press

answer

invented by Johannes Gutenberg which increase supply of writings for less expense

question

'Renaissance'

answer

movement of revival or "rebirth" of proper culture

question

humanism

answer

a main principle of the renaissance that focused on the study of the unique human experience

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