Intro to Education – Flashcards

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State Board of education
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Responsible for formulation educational policy. The members are usually appointed by governor, but sometimes they are chosen in a statewide election.
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Chief State School Officer
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They are called superintendent, commissioner, secretary of eduction or director of instruction.
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Chief State School Officer
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Responsible for overseeing, regulation, and planning school activities, as well as implementing the policies of the board of eduction
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Chief State School Officer
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Like state board, they are often selected by the board of education but sometimes campaigns for the position in an election.
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State Department of Education
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Performs the administrative tasks need to implement state policy. Manages department on education activities
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State Department of Education
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It includes licensing teachers, testing student progress, distributing state and federal funds, and seeing that local systems with laws.
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School Districts are responsible for what?
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Local School boards local school operations Sometimes school construction Taxing Budgeting Hiring or personnel curriculum decisions local school policy the student's progress Although districts operate at a local level, their authority derives from the state.
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Influence on school boards
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The views of them are negative. Viewed as unresponsive and a time waster. Most of them view themselves as a trustee. Want to serve because they have good judgment. Are selected through large elections Votes for all the members of the school board.
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Local Superintendents
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Were hired to relive school boards of their growing administrative duties. The year was 1837 and they worked in Louisville and buffalo. They were expected to supervise and hire teachers, examine students, and buy supplies for them. They also kept school records, developed examinations, chose textbooks and trained teachers Today, they are the most powerful education officer in a school district. They are responsible for budgets, buildings, new programs, daily operations, long term goals, short term results, and recruiting, hiring, demoting, and firing personnel. About 80 percent of superintendents are male and more than 90 percent are white. An effective one must be an effective manager.
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Convert Powers in Schools
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The principal is not the only one responsible for school personnel decisions such as hiring and firing. Parents, vocal individuals, the school secretary , and community groups have it this power. These groups constitute the hidden government of schools.
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Convert Power
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It can bring significant pressure to bear on which teachers stay in school, and which leave.
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Hidden Government
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Decides influenced more by colleagues. School Secretary is often the eyes and ears of the principal. Custodians are often a source of information for principles and supplies for teachers. Parents influence school decisions by applying on principals, school board, and community groups.
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Business and Schools
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The influence of the business community in U.S. schools is extensive and growing.
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Business and Schools
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School values mirror those of business: hard work, competition, dependability, punctuality, neediness, conformity, and loyalty.
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Business and Schools
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Companies that formalize a relationship with a school by depicting personnel or products or signing exclusive rights contracts, are said to have formed an education partnership.
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Business and Schools
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The most far-reaching initiative in education to emerge in recent years is the growing corporate interest in public schools.
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Making Schools more responsive
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Consolidation the merging of smaller schools and districts into larger ones.
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Making Schools more responsive
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In 1940 more than 117,00 school districts in the US and today there are about 14,000
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Making Schools more responsive
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Collaborative decision making creates teacher committees to share power between the principal and the faculty
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Making Schools more responsive
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Efforts to empower teachers include site-based or school-based management which shifts decision making to individual schools
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Making Schools more responsive
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Many districts are creating smaller schools and smaller districts also know as decentralization
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Making Schools more responsive
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Larger school districts means greater student alienation and reduced parent-teacher involvement or less responsive schools
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Making Schools more responsive
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Teachers have been omitted from meaningful involvement in school governance Schools and school districts continue to grow
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Making Schools more responsive
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Bigger school districts are able to offer more courses, extracurricular activities,and sports programs
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Making Schools more responsive
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In most schools, teachers are expected to comply with policies made by principals and by district and state officials
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Making Schools more responsive
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Teacher do not participate in hiring, scheduling classes, or setting graduation requirements
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Most School Board members are
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A. White, male, and middle or upper class B. Middle of the road politically, about evenly divided between men and women, and representing all socioeconomic classes. C. So diverse politically, economically, and socially that it is impossible to make generalizations. D. Middle-class women, about half of whom have been teachers.
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State School Board and Chief State School Officers are
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A. Elected by the people B. Elected by the people's representatives C. Appointed by the governor D. Appointed by officials other than the governor E. All of the above F. None of the above
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Another name (more common) for Chief of State school officer is
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A. Principal B. Superintendent C. Board of Education D. Teacher
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During the past two decades, the influence of local school boards has
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A. Increased B. Decreased C. Remained unchanged
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Local School district superintendents are ( you may choose more than one)
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A. Often mediating conflicts B. Civil service-type administrators C. Elected officials D. Sometimes powerless figureheads
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Who might be considered part of the "hidden school government"?
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a. The school principals b. The state school superintendent c. The U.S. Secretary of educational d. The school secretary and parents
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The influence of the business community in U.S. Schools can best be characterized as?
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a. Virtually nonexistent b. Felt only in vocational and commercial programs c. Extensive and growing d. Usually illegal
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In most schools, teachers are expected to?
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a. Design the policies guiding their schools b. Collaborate with principals and district officials to create policies to suit their schools. c. Comply with policies made by principals and by district of state officials d. Comply with policies that seem appropriate and change those that do not
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What process is being used to make schools more responsive?
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a. Consolidation b. Decentralization c. Organization d. Collaboration
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Progressivism
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Flexible, integrated study of academic subject around the needs and experiences of students.
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Social Reconstruction
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Focus on social, political and economic needs.
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Existentialism
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Each student determines the pace and direction of his/her own learning.
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Essentialism
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Core curriculum of traditional academic topics and traditional American values
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Perennialism
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Core curriculum analyzing enduring ideas found in Great Books.
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John Dewey, Nel Noddings -Robert Hutchins, Mortimer Adler = Perennialism.
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progressivism.
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George S. Counts, John Brameld, Roland Martin
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Social Reconstruction.
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A.S.Neill, Maxine Greene
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Existentialism.
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William Begley, E.D. Hirsch, Jr., William Bennet
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Essentialism
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Robert Hutchins, Mortimer Adler
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Perennialism.
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Scaffolding
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Teachers use this method. It is questions, clues, or suggestions that students link prior knowledge to the new information.
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Lab School
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(progressivism)...John Dewey founded the LABORATORY SCHOOL as a testing ground for his educational ideas.
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Sudbury Valley
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(existentialism).. "Sudbury Valley provides a setting, a opportunity, but each student must decide what to do with that opportunity."
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The Great Books
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(pereniliams): * The Bible, Geoffrey Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, Charles Dickens, Oliver,Twist, Homer, Iliad, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Twist, Homer, Iliad, F. Scott Fitzgerald-The Great Gatsby
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Property Tax
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to help raise money for schools. Take tax from homeowners towards the school fund.
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San Antonio V. Rodriguez
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deferring to the long history of local communities funding neighborhood schools. Court declared that education was not a "fundamental right" under the constitution, and that preserving local control was a legitimate reason to use the property tax system.
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Serrano V. Priest
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Struck down the state's financing system as unconstitutional, increased state share of taxes to schools.
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Adequate Education
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intended to endure that all students have the basic skills they need to be effective citizens and compete in the job market.
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Categorical Grants
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funds directed at specific categories and targeted educational needs.
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Bond
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a certificate of debt issued by a government guaranteeing payment of the original investment plus interest by a specified future date.
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Robin Hood Reformers
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won victory as they took funds from wealthy districts and redistributed the money to poorer districts.
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Block Grants
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large sums of money given directly to the states with few strings attached.
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Accountability
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public wants to see academic progress for their tax dollars.
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State and Local
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When the economy takes a downturn, these budgets are cut, education suffers.
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Federal Government
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When the economy went into serious recession in 2009, this helped the states fund education.
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Big Companies
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Schools get money from these to sell their products in schools.
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Teacher's Salaries
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This is what the most amount of public education dollar goes to.
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American Recovery and Revitalization Act (ARRA)
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Obama initiated this, a part of this doubled federal aid to schools and prevented the firing of hundreds of thousands of teachers and professors.
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Sales Tax
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-a tax added to all sales, consumers pay a few extra pennies for small purchases or a few extra dollars for large purchases, some of this money is put into the state's education fund.
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Personal Income Tax
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This tax is collected through payroll deductions. 25 percent of state revenues come from this tax.
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Sin Tax
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a tax on tobacco, gasoline, and liquor.
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State Lotteries
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a tax on all winnings in the lottery that goes to the state fund for education.
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Severance Tax
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a tax that is based on the state's mineral wealth.
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No Child Left Behind
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This ushered in an era of high-stakes testing.
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Municipal Overburden
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a phenomenon where the urban areas struggle more, with lower property values, and using the funds for social workers, hospitals, mass transit, and other services than their suburban or rural counterparts.
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Edgewood V. Kirby
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The court issued a unanimous decision that the differences in per-pupil expenditures from the poorest community to the wealthiest community violated the Texas Constitution, and ordered Texas to devise a fairer plan.
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Abbott V. Burke
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The state court identified twenty-eight failing districts where the rights of poor students were being denied, then mandated that significantly greater funds be spent to transform their students into "productive members of society."
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New York
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The state that spent the most in the 2007-2008 school year per-pupil. This compares to the average United States of 10,259 to 17,000+.
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