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INTRODUCTION

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Book Notes

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is a norm of human communication and that the non verbal form of communication is more complex than the term denotes

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Nonverbal Communication

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Chapter 1

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Book Notes

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behaving without words -92% percent of emotional meaning is transmitted nonverbally. -38% of the emotional meaning of the message is vocal -55% of the emotional meaning is expressed by facial expression 7% percent of the emotional meaning is expressed verbally

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Nonverbal Interactions

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nonverbal communcation accounts for 60-70% of what we communicate to one another

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Birdwhistell's and philpotts approximations

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is an interactive process whereby people seek to induce some form of change in attitude, belief, or behavior -communication is also a dynamic and ongoing process where people create shared meaning through sending and receiving of messages via commonly understood codes

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Communication

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Communication is a reciprocal process - whoever you communicate with will most likely respond back similarly to our original manner. if you use soft tone - expect soft tone in response if negative nonverbal indicators - expect negative response

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Dyadic Effect

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When dyadic effect is not working and the way of presenting isn't reciprocated

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Expectancy Violations

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aspect of the communication process that deals with the transmission and reception of messages that are not part of the natural language systems -For example, behavioral displays - large hair, appearance,

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Nonverbal part of Communication

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via the interaction of all three of these *the speaker, the receiver, the situation*

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Nonverbal Communications occur

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dress, voice, distance maintained

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The Speaker

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posture, facial expression, distance maintained

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The receiver

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the context, environment, the time of interaction

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The situation

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Behavior: Non verbal communication: is the perception of cream colored walls, how its perceived

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Behavior vs Communication

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method of communication that treats its audience well

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Qualitative communication

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comm within ones self

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Intrapersonal

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within two people -cannot be easily replaced

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interpersonal comm/relationship

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not necessarily mean, but refers to the audience as a whole -easily replaced btw 1 - multiple people

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impersonal communication/relationship

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Cannot easily be replaced-treats people as unique between two ppl

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Interpersonal relationship

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-ordering food in a drive thru

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Impersonal with impersonal relationship

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-asking somewhat what time -being short with people that are close to us -a good friend being really chatty about a movie

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Impersonal Comm with interpersonal relationship

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- bartender being told really personal things - personal conversation with someone on an airplane

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interpersonal comm with impersonal relationship

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meaning two -or dyadic

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Dyad

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Ex. couples, mentor - mentee -tends to be one main DYAD - Dyadic primacy -two people in control -we tend to form dyads

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Dyadic primacy

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- meeting of dyads working together for a specific purpose - like a class project

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*Dyadic Coalition*

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when you're aware of the dyad and you see yourself as part of the dyad -sometimes you pressure people to wanting to DTR and sometimes their consciousness of it does not reflect the actual emotions and sometimes it does

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*Dyadic Consciousness*

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-whats going on? -how do we fix it? -how can we make it cost as less as possible

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*Communication Mechanic*

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encoding the message - how am i going to send the message - whats going to go into, word choice (while sending - think what are the possible ways message may be perceived) (while receiving - what are the possible meanings of the message Decoding the message - what does this message mean

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*Model of Communication* Sender --message> <--feedback Receiver

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*-we tend to have our preferred channel and not thing about what the other person would prefer -we dont tend to look at channel until something goes wrong* - method of sending the message

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*Channel*

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...

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The study of interpersonal communication

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-being motivated to communicate -being knowledgeable about the self, other, topic, context, and communication in general -are *effective and appropriate* in the performance of communication skills

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Communicative Competence

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Effectiveness - refers to achieving our goals Appropriateness - referes to conforming to the expectation or communication rules of a particular situation Comm rules:prescriptions that tell us what we shouldn't say or should say in certain situations

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Effectiveness and appropriateness

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can be characterized by as a sacrifice the we make for others to be civil one can engage in *perspective taking*: considering a situation from the point of view of someone else

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Civility

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characterized as well based standards or right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do...we ought to communicate ethically!

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Ethics

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an individuals motivation, knowledge of self, others, topic, context and communication and communication skill in performing behaviors

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Motivation, Knowledge, and skill

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refers to the deist to communicate -self talk, and goal setting can help one reduce anxiety and this motivate to to communicate

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Motivation

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pertains to knowledge about ourselves, our conversation partners, out topic, the situation, and the communication process itself

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Knowledge

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-are goal oriented actions or actions sequences that we can master and repeat in appropriate ways -refers to the actual performance of action of sequences

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Skill

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synonym for "situation" and can be characterized as a physical location or environment that affects communication

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*Context* or environemnt

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Can be defined as the shared patterns and beliefs of a drop of people which result sin a characteristic behaviors - we perceive the world based on cultural patterns - the particular beliefs and values associated with out specific culture ex. Indvidual/Low-context cultures vs collectivism/high-conext cultures

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Culture Context

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-Family, friends and coworkers all these have different context and conversations that follow through with them

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Relationship Context

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Depending on who we tend to communicate more aggressively to guys and less to girls -on gender might find it easier to talk in certain settings than others

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Gender Context

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roles - learned behaviors that we use to meet the perceived demands of specific situations page 17

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individual context

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...

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COntinue class notes

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Physical noise - mowing noises, trains, people typing, chewing gum, can be from your body, temperature of room - physical noise can't be eliminated Mental Noise - thoughts in someones focusing on a test that you have in the next class, wondering what someone's going to say Semantic Noise - when someone uses a word you don't know. Positive and negative connotations - When the word causes you to think of something else

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Noise - 3 types

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**Closes up the full spectrum 2 types 1. Physical Context - where you are - being in a office or at Klondike, day before spring break 2. All the experiences of the people involved - we bring our views to the table

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*Context/Environment*

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- Comm. is a *process* - its ongoing, its dynamic and its changing - its *irreversible* - cannot be undone - its *inevitable* - you are always communicating-silent treatment means you do not care about the person - its *packaged* -body language and emotions are consistent with each other - it's *rule governed* -2 types 1.Intrinsic rules - influenced by people involved in the communication: 2. *Extrinsic rules* - influenced by society, societal norms: for example politics, sex, religion (co-cultures) CONTINUE CLASS NOTES ON CARD 71

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*Characteristics of communication*

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Chapter 2

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Chapter 2

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the process of selecting, organizing and interpreting sensory information seeing is not the same as perceiving -P. is learned

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Perception

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1. Reciprocal relationship 2. Different realities

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Importance of perception in communication

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- our perception of reality is created, in part, through communication. What people tell us shape our perception, which in turn shapes how we communicate or respond to things

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Reciprocal Relationship

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our culture, relationships, gender, and individualized characteristics affect our perceptions of communication competence -one persons truth or reality isn't always another's -competent communicators hold their perspectives yet consider other people's perspective as well

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Different Realities

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1. Selection 2. Organization 3. Interpretation

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Stages in the perception process

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the first stage of perception process, -we pick from our environment what we want to sense *2 Types:* 1. *Salience*: things that we sense, because they have some meaning or interest to us. Ex, your name in a crowded room 2. *Vividness*: things we notice because they are noticeable ex. the guy who is 6'10, the pretty girl, the stinky person

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1. Selection

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- occurs when we organize the things we have sensed from the environment so we can make sense of it 4 Sub-categories 1. Schemas 2. Figure-Ground 3. Proximity and Similarity 4. Closure

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2. Organization

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* Schema*- mental templates/file cabinets that allows us to organize and classify stimuli into manageable groups or categories Ex. categorizing on appearance - pretty, ugly, fat, thin and their group membership - jewish, republican etc

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Schemas

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happens when a part of the thing perceived from the environment is the focal point of our attention and the rest is placed in the background ex. being a a crowded room and paying attention to various conversation until you focus on one conversation and the others seem to fade in the background

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Figure Ground Organization

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*Proximity* - organisation based on how close things are Ex. teachers reprimands class and ask to speak to you after class, you think teacher wants to talk to you about reprimand *Similarity* - organisation based on size, color, shape and other characteristics Ex. grouping things together like "Jocks", popular people etc

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Proximity and Similarity

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- filling in the "missing pieces" to form a whole or complete picture Ex. picture with the grid, but the lines aren't actually touching

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Closure

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interpreting what we have selected and organized from what we perceive from the environment and assigning meaning the stimuli Ex. select from environment a friend in a crownd (selection), focus on their frown and bringing it forward (foreground) and believing that our friend is not happy (interpretation) 1. Expectancy 2. Familiarity

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Interpretation

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interpretation is influenced by what we are expecting - we become accustomed to seeing a stimulus in a certain way and sometimes do not perceive the obvious

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Expectancy

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interpretation is also influenced by how familiar one is with the stimuli - you may be so familiar with something that you may not notice anything out of the ordinary Ex. the second "a" in light as a a feather

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Familiarity

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occur because we all perceive differently. - we may attribute factors to an event that in reality may not have had anything o do with it in the first place. 1. Selectivity 2. Confusing Fact with inference 3. Attributional Errors

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Perceptual Biases

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Selective attention - occurs when we ignore certain parts of a stimuls and attend to others Selective Perception: when we see what we want to see, hear and believe what we want to see and believe ex. Love is blind

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Selectivity

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is an interpretation based on a fact, such as "she wore an ugly red dress" -not everyone would agree the dress was ugly - drew a personal inference based on the factual red dress Fact: independently verifiable by others, such as "she wore a red dress - F. are often based on sense data, such as what we see, hear, taste, smell, and touch

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Confusing Fact with inference

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attributions - concern reasons for or causes of behavior - we judge people's personalities absed on their actions - Fritz Heider Attributional Theory - we overemphasize inherent characteristics or personality and underemphasize situational factors when explaining reasons for other's behavior - AKA fundamental Attri. Error Self serving bias - we internalize our successes and externalize our failures

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*** Attributional Errors

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Last page is

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NExt page is Page 46

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identifying with two cultures or exposure to two cultures in the same region

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Co - Cultures

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Content - actual word or non verbal used Relationship Dimension - what your words communicate about your relationship with the person Ex. Using the word "Hate" means different things depending on the context

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Characteristics on comm contd *Content and Relationship Dimension*

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Symmetrical - similar styles of communicating, similar personalities, similar delivery Complementary - different but they work together ex. having a good listener and a good talker which is better in a relationship - depends on the type of relationship and the people. there is no real style that is better

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Characteristics on comm contd *Symmetrical or Complementary*

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things that you initially perceive

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Self Perception

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when certain things get your attention

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Selective attention

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Deciding which stimuli we will let our selves be exposed to, like not liking country music, so you don't listen to it

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Selective Exposure

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-we usually organize things in the same way -

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Organization

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-Whenever you ask, the question "why"? Attribute internally and externally -we internalize things that are good and externalize things that are bad

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Attribution Theory

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...

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PErception paper - Include many aspects of perception, -talk about hjow they used to concept of perception -take a look at conflicts that happen based on differences in perception if question - text DeHart

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Listening

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Listening

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- we retaining 50% of information and 50% less the day after - (meaning 25% of the total situation)

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Listening

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We spend 60% of our time in listening situations

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Fun Fact

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-1st step - hearing (physiological) -2nd - understanding and comprehension of the message. 3rd- recall/remembering something 4th - responding

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Listening

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1. We are not trained to listen properly 2. we are not prepared 3. we prejudge the communication (the content of what is being said, so we don't hear it) 4. We're too busy preparing our response 5. Distracted by delivery or personal appearance

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*Reasons we are bad listeners*

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- listening for specifc information, but you're not picking up on other cues that they are giving )big Picture!

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*Listen to hard*

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Types of listening -Ask the person questions about it. -important to empathize with everyone

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*Types of listening*

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- like Musics, tv shows conflicts with others about listening for enjoyment

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Listening for enjoyment

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- watching the news, weather, lectures *when in situation where ti

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Listening for information

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- how important is something to someone

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Critical / evaluative

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taking on someone's feelings -where is th, identification with and understanding of another's situation, feelings, and motives -you dont have to like someone but you can work with them "i could be wrong" "this individual knows their own mind" Empathic listening - you can understand why they do what they do

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Empathy

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- you listen faster than you write- so your brain think it has time to do other thigns -writing down keeps you busy as a speaker, speak faster as a listener, use spare time to focus on what has been said

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*Spare time*

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Chapter 3 Book notes begin

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Chapter 3 Book notes begin

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How we perceive ourselves -formed and sustained and changed by out interactions with others Five traits called big five influence SC 1. Extroverted vs Introverted 2. Agreeable vs antagonistic 3. open vs not open 4. neurotic vs stable 5. Conscientious vs undirected

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**Self Concept**

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by George Mead our self view is shaped by those who we communicate with

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Symbolic Interactionism

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shows that our significant others (people important to us) influence our self concept

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Pygmallion effect

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Our self concept is also influence when we engage in social comparison - when we compare our athletic ability or relational success to others ex. asking classmates what they scored on the test and basing yourself off that

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Social Comparison

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-realistic acknowledgement of our strength and weaknesses - we may praise and accept other peoples view point -unhealthy self concept may result in exaggerated and unrealistic perceptions of our strengths and weaknesses

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Importance of self concept

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By Martin Seligman Talents are nonmoral characteristics that are usually innnate and automatic like having perfect pitch or athletic ability

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Talents

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Composed of: **Self Image** and Self esteem under those we have -Culture context - Relationships-Gender Context-Individual;

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Self concept

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it goes beyond our self image to include the value or importance we place on our perceived characteristics

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Self Esteem

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self concept can be perceived as mental and physical and as private and public - may include perceptions of self that we do not readily disclose to others

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Perceived as multidimensional

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refers to the act of willingly sharing information about oneself to others *The open quadrant* - info about oneself that we and others know *the blind quadrant* - info about ourself that we dont know but others do *the hidden quadrant* - info about ourself that we know but others do not *the unknown quadrant*- unknown info about ourself that we or others dont know

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Influenced by self disclosure

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*Face*- relates to how we want others to perceive us and our worth - impression management

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The face we present to others

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-Over looking an act - glossing it over -responding with humor -offering an apology -Communicating an explanation to minimize responsibility -engaging in physical remediation - adjusting ones clothes or cleaning spill

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Ways to save face

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Dominant Culture - the culture of the majority - which is never usually see by the majority but noticed by the minorities Co culture - such as ethnic groups - belonging to a minority group

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Culture context

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*friends and family*- significant others contribute to who we are *Coworkers*-self efficay the belief in our ability to manage prospective situations - influenced by coworkers

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Relationship COntext

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our sex influences others behaviours toward is and how we perceive ourselves

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Gender Context

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self concept is perceived by the expectations we have of ourselves based on our self fulfilling prophecy and our inner circle *Self fulfilling prophecy*-the expectation we hjave and predictions we make for ourself *Inner critic*- produces intrepersonal communication messages such as "i've failed at this and ill fail again" etc - it focuses on what isnt finished

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Individual Context

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*Defensiveness* - refers a physiological, emotional, and cognitive response that results from the perception that our face is threatened or under attacked Defensive Reactions - typically inappropriate and ineffective responses to challenges to our face 1. Sarcasm 2. Avoidance 3. Denial *Non Defensiveness* -validate a critics thoughs and feelings and communicates respect even if we disagree witht he criticism directed toward us. Like: 1. Asking open ended questions 2. Guessing about specifics 3. Agreeing with the truth 4. Agreeing to disagree

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Defensive and non defensive Reactions

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Academic performance - receiving grades you don't think you deserve can cause students to become offended, demoralized, or angry interepersonal relationships - people with inflated self esteem tend to become defensive and seel reassurance when others criticize or correct them

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Inflated Self esteem

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able to understand and manage emotions; not control

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Emotional Intelligence

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1. Pure emotional 2. Logical/Cognitive 3. Combined of 1 and 2 Stages can range from a few minutes to a few months to a few years Skipping s step may cause inseciriteis

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**Reaction by Goleman**

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first used like mad happy surpised page 98 secondary, the combination of primary emotions like sad and surprised meaning something

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*Primary emotions*

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when males are allowed to show anger and females are allowed to show sadness. -Men and women are limited socially by some emotions they can show

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*Emotional Gender*

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Interpersonal Test review for exam 1 - Test on Monday on wednesday no class write a paper about 2 nonverbal concepts - will tie into nonverbal stuff, and observe non verbal interactions in class, wherever you are, dorm etc. What do you see in terms of their non verbals. are there conflicts in their nonverbals maybe they are misusing it. you are not allowed to particpate in the actual interaction, it should be with other people in it

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Interpersonal Test review for exam 1

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Implicit personalty theory ?? when we know something about 1 persona, we assume otehr thigs about them Understand self concept, self image and self esteem Self fulfilling prophecy - you bring it about, when yo thnk something is gonna act a certain way and you bring it about

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Formt short answer, some multiple choice possibly 20 mc questions , around 10-4o essay questions total will cover chapters 1 2 3 4 8 1 - general 2-perception 3 - self 4 emotion 8 listening impersonal interpersonal relationshjips and communcationr stereotypes - judging a group based on meeting a few peopl, we may hear something about the group and we form an impression of the group, and then we apply that stereotype

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