Interpersonal Communication 2 – Flashcards
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Language is rule goverened
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1.phonological rules 2. syntactical rules 3. semantic rules 4.pragmatic rules
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phonological rules
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govern how sounds are combined to form words -different pronunciations of words
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syntactical rules
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govern the way symbols can be arranged ex: jim kicked bill is different than bill kicked jim
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semantic rules
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govern the meanings of statements -the agreed upon definition of words
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pragmatic rules
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tell what uses and interpretations of a message are appropriate in a given context ex: in one context it could be a friendly warning to not do something, in another context demand that they don't do something
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coordinated management of meaning theory
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some types of pragmatic rules that operate in every day conversations
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triangle of meaning
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ogden and richard -indirect relationship between a word and what it represents, human mind is what bridges the gap ex: someone says tree(word) which a hawaiian pictures as a palm tree(referent) and a norwegian pictures as a spruce (referent)
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linguistic relativism
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the worldview of a culture is shaped and reflected by the language its members speak
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sapir-wharf hypothesis
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an interdependent relationship between thought and language, language influences thought
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affiliation
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building solidarity with others through style of speech
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convergence
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process of adopting one's speech style to match that of others -when 2 or more people feel equally positive about one another, their linguistic convergence will be mutual
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Divergence
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speaking in a way to set oneself apart from others
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powerless speech
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1. hedges- i think, maybe 2. hesitations 3. polite forms 4. tag questions-dont you think? 5. disclaimers- i may be wrong but
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sexist language
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includes words, phrases and expressions that unnecessarily differentiate between females and males or exclude, trivialize or diminish either sex
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racist language
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reflects a worldview that classifies members of one racial group as superior and another as inferior
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ambiguous language
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words and phrases that have more than one commonly accepted definition ex: time flies like an arrow, fruit flies like a banana
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abstractions
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generalizing about similarities between several objects, people and ideas
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abstraction ladder
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the higher the level of abstraction the more vague the statement becomes (specific at bottom abstract at the top)
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euphemism
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innocuous term substituted for a blunt one -softens impact of unpleasant info -used often with people of a higher status -ex: passed away instead of died
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relative language
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gains meaning by comparisons -often fails to link the relative word to a more measurable term -can fix by turning words into numbers ex: pain on scale of 1-10
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static evaluation
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usually the mistaken assumption that people or things are static and unchanging
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evaluative language
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seems to describe something, but announces the speakers attitude towards it
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Approach 1: significant gender differences
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men are from mars, women are from venus -2 sexes grow up learning different rules about how to speak and act
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Approach 2:Minor differences
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found small power differences, theories not as clear cut
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nonverbal communication
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messages expressed by nonlinguistic means -paralangauge- our expression when we speak that relays relational attitude ex: sarcastic tone
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emblems
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culturally understood substitutes for verbal expression
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nonverbal communication is
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1.ambigious 2.affected by culture and gender 3. relational
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nonverbal behavior helps us
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1. capture attention 2. show or increase liking 3. generate power 4. increase credibility
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manner
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the way we act, stand and move, control facial expressions and vocal adjustments
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appearance
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the way we dress, artifacts we wear,
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setting
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physical items we surround ourselves with, for example personal belongings such as car
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oculesics
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study of how the eyes communicate -gazing, interest, conversational turn-taking
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kinesics
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study of how people communicate through body movement
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haptics
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study of touching
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paralanguage
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the way a message is spoken -vocal rate -pronunciation -pitch -tone -volume -emphasis
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proxemics
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how communication is affected by use, organization, and perception of space and distance
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chronemics
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how humans use and structure time -rules can vary within a culture or geographical area
