International Marketing – Ch. 4 – Flashcards

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An understanding of the origins and differences of culture will help international marketers:
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Foresee changes in current markets of operation
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Michele Phillips has just begun to understand French culture, even though she has lived in France for two years. She is nearly fluent in French. However, learning to live in France will take some time. The process of how a person learns and adjusts to a new culture is called.
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Acculturation
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In the context of social institutions, the _____ of a country is a potent force in economic development
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Literacy rate
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In the context of Hofstede's four dimensions, the _____ Index measures the tolerance of social inequality within a social system.
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Power Distance
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The adoption of yoga as a means of physical fitness in the U.S. demonstrates:
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Cultural borrowing
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_____ deals with a group's design for living
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Culture
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The manner in and amount which people consume, the priority of needs and wants they attempt to satisfy, and the manner in which they satisfy them are functions of their _____ and temper, mold, and dictate their style of living.
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Culture
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______ is the human - made part of human environment - the sum total of knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by humans as members of society.
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Culture
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Markets are the result of the ________ of a marketer's efforts, economic conditions, and all other elements of the culture
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three-way interaction
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______ affects every part of our lives, every day, from birth to death, and everything in between.
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Culture
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As countries move from agricultural to industrial to services economies, ______ decline.
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Birthrates
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Dutch management professor Geert Hofstede refers to culture as the "_________"
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Software of the mind
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Most traditional definitions of ______ center around the notion that _____ is the sum of the values, rituals, symbols, beliefs, and thought processes that are learned and shared by a group of people, then transmitted from generation to generation
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Culture
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The expression "_______" recognizes that large collectives of people can, to a great degree, be like minded.
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A culture
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Measures the tolerance of social inequality, and its, power inequality between superiors and subordinates within a social system.
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Power Distance Index
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Measures the tolerance of uncertainty and ambiguity among members of a society
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Uncertainty Avoidance Index
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Cultural values can predict such consumer behaviors as ______ and impulsive buying
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Word-of-mouth communications
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Linguistic distance is an important factor that helps in determining differences in values across countries and the among of trade between countries because:
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crossing "wider" language differences increases transaction costs
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Hofstede's data on cultural values suggest that:
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Diffusion of innovations will be slower in countries that are low on individualism and high on uncertainty avoidance.
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What is the most important factor in determining what kind and how much of an innovation will be accepted by culture?
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The degree of interest in the particular subject
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According to Edward Hall's comments on culture, which of the following could hurt companies and careers in foreign markets?
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Ignorance of cultural differences in the foreign market
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Governments influence thinking and behavior through the:
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Enforcement of a variety of laws affecting consumption and marketing behaviors
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With regard to resistance to change, observations indicate that those innovations most readily accepted are those that:
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Hold the greatest interest within the society and those that are least disruptive
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Based on the Individualism/Collectivism Index, in which culture will the "virtual social" activity of online chatting be most acceptable?
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One in which individualism reigns supreme
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When marketers first introduced the personal digital assistant (PDA) to the American consumer, they performed the role of being ______ because the cultural impact of the product became widespread.
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Agents of change
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Cultures which are low in Uncertainty Avoidance index:
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Take a more empirical approach to understanding and knowledge
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In the context cultural values, the _____ index refers to the preference for behavior that promotes one's self interest
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Individualism/Collectivism
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What term pertains to societies in which people from birth onward are integrated into strong, cohesive groups?
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Collectivism
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When designing a product, the style, uses, and other related marketing activities must be made _____ if they are to be operative and meaningful.
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culturally acceptable
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In some parts of the world, language is itself thought of as a social institution, often with political importance. What country best exemplifies this statement?
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France
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In the context of the relationship between language and international marketing, recent studies indicate that a new concept, _____ , is proving useful to marketing researchers in market segmentation and strategic entry decisions.
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Linguistic distance
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The most useful information on how cultural values influence various types of business and market behavior comes from work done by:
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Geert Hofstede
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The sum total of knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by humans as members of society is called ______
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Culture
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Which technological innovation has had a great impact on the gender-based determining of responsibilities and roles?
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Birth Control Pills
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Which social institution that influences culture has comparatively the least impact on culture?
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Government
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According to Dutch management professor Geert Hofstede, culture is referred to as the:
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Software of the mind
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In most cultures, the first social institution infants are exposed to outside the home takes the form of a :
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Religious instition
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The anthropologist, Edward T. Hall tells us that culture is:
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Communication
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The Uncertainty Avoidance Index measures the tolerance of uncertainty and _____ among members of a society
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Ambiguity
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One of the advantages of the emergence of gender equality is the ______ gap between the sexes being narrowed in many places around the world.
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Education
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Morton Foods has decided to introduce a new line of turkey products to the American consumer. Turkey steaks resemble beefsteak in taste but are made from turkey meat, and are leaner and healthier for a variety of reasons. However, the company is concerned that the product will not be accepted in America. If Morton Foods follows a strategy of _____, they are more likely to have a successful introduction of the new product.
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Cultural Congruence
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What action is important for foreign marketers in order to be effective in a foreign market?
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Learning to appreciate the intricacies of cultures different from their own
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The strategy of ______ deliberately sets out to change those aspects of the culture offering resistance to predetermined marketing goals.
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Planned change
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What is the main reason for corporations being the forerunners of innovations in society?
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The access they have to ideas from around the world
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In the context of the elements of culture, rituals are patterns of behavior and interaction that are:
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Learned and repeated
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Which social institutions is considered to have had a detrimental effect on American culture?
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Media
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Mervin is excited about his new home in the Philippines. Though native of Los Angeles, he has been given the opportunity to learn about a new culture, form new friendships, and capitalize on opportunities that were not available in his previous home or workplace. He will go through what is known as _____ as he adjusts to living in the Philippines
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Acculturation
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To the foreign marketer, the similar-but-different feature of cultures has important meaning in gaining cultural _____
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Empathy
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What was the Dutch management professor, Geert Hofstede's perception of culture?
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It is a problem-solving tool
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_____ refers to a strategy that involves marketing products similar to ones already on the market thereby minimizing resistance.
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Cultural congruence
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Culture resides in the individuals ______
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mind
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The best international marketers will not only appreciate the cultural differences pertinent to their businesses, but they will also understand the ______ of these differences.
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Origins
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Humans make ______ to changing environments through _________
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Adaptations, Innovation
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Individuals learn culture from social institutions through ______ and ______
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socialization , acculturation
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Socialization Means
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Growing Up
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Acculturation Means
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Adjusting to a new culture
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People make decisions about consumption and production through ______ of their cultural-based knowledge
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application
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The impact of specific events in _____ can be seen reflected in technology, social institutions, cultural values, and even consumer behavior.
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History
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Book published by Adam Smith in 1776
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A Wealth of Nations
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The ________ still affects consumption patterns around the world
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post-War baby boom
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For most of the 20th century, four approaches to governance competed for world dominance. They are:
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Fascism Communism Democracy/free enterprise
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Fascism fell in
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1945
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Communism crumbled in the
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1990s
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Include family, religion, school, the media, government, and corporations all affect the ways in which people relate to one another, organize their activities to live in harmony with one another, teach acceptable behavior to succeeding generations, and govern themselves
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Social Institutions
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The roles and status positions found within a society are influenced by the ____ of social institutions.
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Dictates
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The technology of _____ has tremendously affected families and reduced family sizes around the world.
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Birth control
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______ is one of the most important institutions, affects all aspects of the culture, from economic development to customer behaviro
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Education
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The ______ of a country is a potent force in economic development.
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Literacy Rate
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What are the four social institutions that most strongly influence values and culture?
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Schools Churches Families Media
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Most innovations are introduced to societies by ____, many times multinational _______.
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Companies
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What are the five elements of culture?
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values rituals symbols beliefs thought processes
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The importance of things and ideas
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Cultural values
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Underlying the cultural diversity that exists among countries are fundamental differences in _________
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Cultural Values
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The most useful information on how cultural values influence various types of business and market behavior comes from seminal work of _________
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Geert Hofstede
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Hofstede determined that nations differ along four primary dimensions:
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The Individualism/Collective Index (IDV), Which focuses on self orientation The Power Distance Index (PDI), Which focuses on authority orientation The Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI), Which focuses on risk orientation The Masculinity/Femininity Index (MAS), Which focuses on assertiveness and achievement
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The ______ dimension has proven the most useful of the four dimension, justifying entire books on the subject
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Individualism/Collectivism
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Which of Hofstede's four dimensions has proven least useful?
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The Masculinity/Femininity Index (MAS)
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The ________ Index refers to the preference for behavior that promotes one's self-interest
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The Individualism/Collective Index (IDV)
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Cultures that score high in Individualism/Collective Index (IDV) reflect an "___" mentality and tend to reward and accept individual initiative, whereas those low in individualism reflect a "____" mentality and generally subjugate the individual to the group.
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I, We
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IDV
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The Individualism/Collective Index
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PDI
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The Power Distance Index
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UAI
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The Uncertainty Avoidance Index
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MAS
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The Masculinity/Femininity Index
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The ______ Index measures the tolerance of social inequality, that is, power inequality between superiors and subordinates within a social system
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The Power Distance Index
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Cultures with High ______ scores are highly intolerant of ambiguity and as a result tend to be distrustful of new ideas or behaviors
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The Uncertainty Avoidance Index
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Life is filled with ____, that is, patterns of behavior and interaction that are learned and repeated.
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Rituals
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Marriage ceremonies and funerals are good examples of _____
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Rituals
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