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argument to assert

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to make a claim or to state an opinion; explaining the nature of your concerns so that they can be understood by others

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argument to prevail

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to achieve a specific goal based upon assertion, a goal that once achieved is a victory of some kind

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argument to inquire

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you use research and dialouge to discover the best of many possible answers

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argument to negotiate differences (rogerian argument)

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reconciling people engaged in some kind of conflict; did not begin with a fixed position, listening to and considering what others have to say and creating forums in which a productive exchange of views can be continued; main point is to negotiate differences with communication

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kairos

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right argument at the right time

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asynchronous forum

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mailing lists, newgroups, or web boards, where readers can sort through messages and analyze them before posting a response

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synchronus forum

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chat rooms, instant messaging, or multiuser domain; real time

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rhetoric

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finding an effective way to persuade other people to believe or do something

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invention

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exploring and developing an idea about a specific topic to make an effective argument about it

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ethos

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Appeals to an audience's sense of morality/trust; Achieved by projecting an image of credibility which supports the speaker's position

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pathos

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Appeal to emotion

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logos

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Appeals to an audience's sense of intellect; Achieved by providing valid and relevant facts which support the speaker's position

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deductive argument

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theory hypothesis observation confirmation (values authority)

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inductive reasoning

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observation pattern tentative hypothesis theory (personal experience)

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syllogism

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three-part argument in which the conclusion rests on two premises

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enthymeme

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syllogism with no major premise; no evidence so dropping the major premise makes it seem logical

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toulmin model

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Because (evidence) therefore (claim) since (warrant or assumption) on account of (backing) unless (reservation)

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logical fallacy

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flaw in the writer's reasoning

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appealing to pity

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uses pity to inspire emotion that is closely related to whatever argument does not rest on this appeal alone

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appealing to prejudice

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Speakers use inflammatory language or a crowd pleasing devices that distracts the audience from whether the argument is reasonable using racist, sexist, etc. language.

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appealing to tradition

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States that we should follow a certain policy because we have always done it.

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arguing by analogy

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support a claim with a single comparable example that is significantly similar to the subject of the claim; what is true in one set of circumstances will be true in comparable set of circumstances (children and violent video games vs. violent tv); becomes fallacious when it reaches a firm conclusion(you are only speculating)

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ad hominem argument

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An argument attacking an individual's character rather than his or her position on an issue

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post hoc, ergo propter hoc

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attempting to prove that because a second event followed a first event, the second event was the result of the first., "After this, therefore because of this"

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attributing guilt by association

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nothing has been argued, but a negative association has been either created or suggested through hints or innuendo.

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begging the question(circular reasoning)

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a premise that is acceptable only to anyone who will agree with the conclusion subsequently attached, a conclusion often similar to the premise

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equivocating

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using vague or ambiguous language to mislead

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ignoring the question

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ignores the real issue by the use of distracting information that has no bearing on the case

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jumping to conclusions

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conclusion in question has not been supported by an adequate amount of evidence

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opposing a straw man

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attacking a weaker oversimplified opposition at hand instead of the issue at hand

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presenting a false dilemma

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occurs when a speaker or writer poses a choice between two alternatives while overlooking other possibilities and implying that other possibilites do not exist

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reasoning that does not follow (non sequitur)

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When the writer presents an argument in which claims, reasons, or warrants fail to connect logically; one point does not follow another.

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slippery slope

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A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

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making concessions

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spend time in back ground and establish yourself with espevially controversial issues

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listing

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list of various points to be made without roman numerals or indentation; numbered points in the order they are to be discussed

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mapping

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circles or blocks on a page connected by a main idea

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classical argument

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introduction, background, proposition, proof, refutation, conclusion

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rogerian argument

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focuses on listening with understanding to avoid miscommunication that can too often accompany serious conflicts introduction, summary of opposing views, statement of understanding, statement of your position, statements of contexts, statement of benefits

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previewing

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steps to help you better understand the reading you are about to undertake and to place it in rhetorical context

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annotating

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writing all over the margins of the material with ideas, definitions, observations, ect.

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summary

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A brief condensation of the main idea or plot of a work.

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paraphrase

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to restate in your own words something you've read or heard

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synthesizing

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identifying related material in two or more works and tying them together smoothly;often an extension of summary

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note taking

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keeping notes about all your sources, ideas, and information for a single essay or project

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plagiarism

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A piece of work that has been copied from someone else and is presenting it as your own work

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interview

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questions asked to one person; questions can be changed

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survey

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a set of questions that do not change and are asked to many people

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abstract

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summary of the main point of an argument

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key words

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a word that is likely to appear somewhere in the title or description

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logical operators(boolean)

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words that command a search engine to define a search in a specific way

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footnotes

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Notes at the bottom of a page acknowledging sources or providing additional references or information.

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endnotes

answer

Complete documentation for a reference, formatted with superscripted numbers, which is placed at the end of the document.

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content notes

answer

numbered notes reserved for additional explanation or discussion that is important but cannot be included within the actual text without loss of focus

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MLA style

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reflects the conventions of the humanities, emphasizes the author and the author's work and places less emphasis on the date of publication

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APA style

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emphasizes the author and date of publication, which are more important in the social science disciplines

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MLA

answer

Modern Language Association

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APA

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American Psychological Association

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CMS

answer

Chicago Manual of Style

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parentheticals

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phrases, sentences, and words put inside of parentheses. ()

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Cicero

answer

who said, "the weight of the matter and the judgement of the speaker."

Informed Argument 7th Edition pgs. 3-205 – Flashcards

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