Info Ethics Exam 1 – Flashcards
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The two principal catalysts for the Information Age have been
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computers and communication networks.
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Punched card tabulation was invented by Herman Hollerith, an employee of
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IBM
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A data-processing system
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is a system that inputs data, performs one or more calculations, and produces output data.
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The first commercial electronic digital computers were produced just
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WWII
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Programming languages were developed in order
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to make programming faster and less error- prone.
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BASIC, COBOL, FLOW-MATIC, and FORTRAN
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were early programming languages.
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Software that allows multiple users to edit and run their programs simultaneously on the same computer is called a
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time-sharing system.
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A semiconductor device containing transistors, capacitors, and resistors is called an
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integrated circuit.
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IBM
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produced the System/360, a family of 19 compatible mainframe computers.
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The company that invented the microprocessor
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Intel
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Bill Gates
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wrote "An Open Letter to Hobbyists," in which he complained about software theft.
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A key application that first made personal computers more attractive to business was the
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spreadsheet program.
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The software company that provided IBM with the operating system for its PC
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Microsoft
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ARPA Director J.C.R. Licklider conceived of a Galactic Network that would facilitate the
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exchange of programs and data.
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One of the first and most important applications of the ARPANET
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email
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Broadband
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term used to describe a high-speed Internet connection.
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South Korea
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has the fastest broadband connections.
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A common name for a wireless Internet access point
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hotspot
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Hypertext is supposed to mimic the
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associative memory of human beings
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Douglas Engelbart
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was the visionary who invented the computer mouse and demonstrated windows, email, and live network videoconferencing at "the mother of all demos" in 1968.
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The World Wide Web is the creation
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Tim Berners-Lee.
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An association of people organized under a system of rules designed to advance the good of its members over time is called
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society
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Rules of conduct describing what people ought and ought not to do in various situations are
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morality
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Definitions of ethics include the following
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a branch of philosophy, one way to determine which activities are "good" and which are "bad"
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A relativist claims that there are
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no universal moral principles
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Objectivism is based on the idea that morality has
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existence outside the human mind
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The divine command theory is an example
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objectivism
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"God is all-knowing"
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is an argument in favor of the divine command theory
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Ethical egoism is based
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determining long-term beneficial consequences
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"The community can benefit when individuals put their well-being first"
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argument in favor of ethical egoism.
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According to Kant, our sense of "ought to" is called
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dutifulness
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According to Kant, the moral value of an action depends upon the
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underlying moral rule.
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According to the second formulation of the Categorical Imperative
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it is wrong for one person to "use" another.
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The Principle of Utility is also
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Greatest Happiness Principle
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Two philosophers closely associated with utilitarianism
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Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.
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Utilitarianism is an example of
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consequentialist theory
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The problem of moral luck is raised as a criticism
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act utilitarianism.
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Utilitarianism does not mean "the greatest good of the greatest number," because
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it focuses solely on "the greatest good" and pays no attention to how "the good" is distributed.
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Thomas Hobbes called life without rules and a means of enforcing them
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"the state of nature."
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An early proponent of the social contract
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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A right that another can guarantee by leaving you alone to exercise the right is called
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negative right.
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A right that is guaranteed without exception is called
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absolute right
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The idea that social and economic inequalities must be to the greatest benefit of the least- advantaged members of society is called
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difference principle
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Modern writers often refer to moral virtues
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virtues of character
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According to Aristotle, moral virtue results from
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repetition of the appropriate acts.
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According to Aristotle, deriving pleasure from a virtuous act is a sign that
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you have developed the virtue.
