INC1 study guide – Flashcards
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Astronomy
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the study of stars and planets
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animals
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-sponges -multicellular heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by ingestion -spider, multicellular heterotrophs with an exoskeleton
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Prostar
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begins to have carbon build-up in the core
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biology
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the study of living organisms
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birds
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have hollow bones and are endothermic
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prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells
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-have a cell membrane -contain chromosomal DNA
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Light waves and sound waves
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can reflect from rough surfaces
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Bunny rabbit lethal virus example
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-process of natural selection -genetric drift
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main-sequence star
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burns hydrogen as its primary fuel
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red giant star
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burns helium as its primary fuel
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chemical
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-random molecular motion -energy stored in glucose
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chemistry
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the study of the interactions between compounds and molecules
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conclusion
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the summary of the results of an experiment or set of experiments
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the role of solar energy
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-plants convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through photosynthesis -solar energy warms air a the equator which rises and speeds towards the poles -circulating in large convection currents
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diamond
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carbon arranged in a crystal lattice
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earth sciences
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the study of geology, meteorology, and oceanography
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earths mantle
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-composed primarily of nickel and iron -contains Mohorovicic discontinuity
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effects of Earth's Hadley cells
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-regions of high rainfall in the tropics -clear skies in the subtropical desert -trade winds
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electricity
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-it is induced by the flow of charged particles in the earth's liquid outer core -it is a flow of charged particles -it occurs when there is a difference in electrical potential
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eukaryotic cells
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-possess a nucleus -can be unicellular or multicellular
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Newton's third Law Examples
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-a cannon recoils after shooting a cannonball -a rocket expels exhaust gases with the same force with which the gages propel the rocket
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Newton's first law of motion
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every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it.
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Newton's second law of motion
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The relationship between an object's mass m, its acceleration a, and the applied force F is F=ma. Acceleration and force are vectors (as indicated by their symbols being displayed in slant bold font): in this law the direction of the force vector is the same as the direction of the acceleration vector.
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Newton's third law of motion
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For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
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fishes
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some possess cartilaginous skeletons
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fungi
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yeast, single-celled heterotroph used in baking
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fungi
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-form symbiotic relationships with plant roots -are autotrophs
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gamma rays (frequency)
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frequency higher than that of visible light
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gamma rays
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used in medicine for cancer treatment
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granit
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coarse-grained and plutonic
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gravitational potential energy
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energy increased as an object is raised to a greater height
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Jupiter
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-has a very strong magnetic field that produces the highest radiation levels ever measured in the solar system -is the most massive planet
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Uranus
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has rotation axis that is tilted 98 degrees to the perpendicular of its orbital plane
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Saturn
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has the lowest density of any planet
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water molecules react to freezing
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-they move slightly away form each other -they move in a more orderly arrangement -they decrease in translational energy
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how does nitrogen move between biota and biotic components of an environment
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-detritivores convert dead organic matter into ammonium -animals receive nitrates from the soil by ingesting plants -plants convert organic nitrogen to soil nitrate
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how does the big bang theory serve as a unifying theme in cosmology
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it accounts the the beginning of both time and space in the universe
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how is energy transferred by radio waves
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electrons emitted by the transmitting station are picked up by the radio receiver where they are converted to sound
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how is table salt bonded together
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-chlorine and sodium fill their outermost energy shells by donating or gaining electrons -electrons in salt are transferred to form cations and anions
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how is tectonic movement producing the Himalayan Mountain Ranges
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-a lithospheric plate is colliding with another lithospheric plate of similar buoyancy, causing upward motion -a continental plate is colliding with another continental plate, causing an upward motion
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hypothesis
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a scientific idea undergoing testing
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halogens
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atoms have seven valence electron in the ground state
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infrared (frequency)
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frequency lower than that of visible light
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Pluto
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is composed of primarily rock and nitrogen ice
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white dwarf star
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-is near the final state of evolution -is not longer undergoing fusion
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joules
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work done pushing a refrigerator across a room
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kinetic energy
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-propagation of sound -driving in a straight line at a constant speed
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light waves
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-results from accelerating electrons -exhibits refraction
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effects of glaciers on earth's surface
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-enhance soil creep on steep slopes -trasport sediment and deposit it as moraines
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liters
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volume of air that can be inhaled in a single breath
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magnetic
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-it deflects moving charged particles -it forms concentric rings around current-carring wire
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majority of energy cow receives from eating grass
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growth and reproduction, maintenance and feces
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mammals
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endothermic and give birth to live young
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marble
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-large interlocking crystals of calcite -nonfoliated and metamorphic
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metamorphic rocks
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-contain mineral from igneous or sedimentary rocks -can be foliated -can be porphyritic
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micrometers
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measure diameter of lung alveoli
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microwaves
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useful in cooking and heating food
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microwaves (frequency)
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frequency lower than that of visible light
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millivolts
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potential difference across a nerve synapse
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observations
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a collection of measurements, notes, images, etc. to describe a phenomenon
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ohms
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used to measure resistance to an electrical current
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parasitic relationships
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-tapeworms in people -fleas living on a dog
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physics
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-the study of electricity and electrical circuits -the study of force, energy, heat, sound, light and subatomic energies
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plants
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xylem and phloem trasport nutrients
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prokaryotic cells
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may possess pili
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protists
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giardia, a single celled heterotroph that causes severe gastric distress in its host
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radio waves
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used to transmit AM and FM radio stations
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radio waves (frequency)
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frequency lower than that of visible light
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relationship between abiotic and biotic components or a forest ecosystem
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percipitation causing weathering of rocks
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no drop in the 1st or 2nd trophic levels
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-removal of foxes -removal of owls
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energy input to the first trophic level drops dramatically
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-removal of grass -removal of trees
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reduction in energy into the third trophic level
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-removal of rabbits
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reproducible results
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different researchers following the published methods finding the same results
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resource defining filter-feeding whale's niche
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school of tuna
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satellite remote sensing
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-assisting search and rescue operations -mapping the earths surface -assessing flood damage
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seasonal temperature variation on organism living in temperate forest
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deciduous tree sheds its leaves in the fall
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seismometers
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measuring earthquake magnitude
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silicate
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four oxygen joined to one silicon atom in a tetrahedron
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sound waves
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-vibrations of electromagnetic fields -vibrations of a material medium
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theory
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a synthesis of information and well-tested hypotheses
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two gases that are most abundant in the Earth's atmosphere
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-nitrogen -oxygen
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ultraviolet
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useful in killing bacteria and sanitizing instruments
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ultraviolet (frequency)
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frequency higher than that of visible light
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what effect does acid rain have on a marble building
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dissolves the marble
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what is the difference between law and theory
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-a law is widely accepted by the scientific community -a a theory may be disputed
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what is the law of conservation of energy
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energy cannot be created or destroyed
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what is the mechanical advantage of a lever
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a small input force applied to one end of the lever produces a larger output force at the opposite end of the lever
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what makes a systems approach valid for scientific study
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it enables scientists to take into account the various parts of a system when making predictions about system behavior
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actions that produce a decrease in both electrical force and gravitational force between two charged objects
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-increasing the distance between the two objects -decreasing the electrical charge and the mass of both objects
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which parts of an atomic nucleus experience both repulsion due to the electrical force and attraction due to the strong nuclear force
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protons
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which role does energy play in the formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen
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energy is released to the environment
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objects increasing distance from the sun
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(my very eager mother just sent us nine pizzas) Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, asteroid belt
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how cells, tissues, and organs of the circulatory system provide cells with oxygen
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red blood cells found in blood pick up oxygen from lungs, returning to the heart to be pumped to body cells through arteries
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the primary thermonuclear reaction that occurs within the sun
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a certain mass of hydrogen atoms is fused together within the sun every second to become a lesser mass of helium atoms and the missing mass is released as radiant energy
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process of thermonuclear fusion in a helium-burning star
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two helium nuclei are separated to form four hydrogen nuclei, releasing light energy
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requirement of scientific inquiry
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hypotheses must be original and results must be falsifiable
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phenomena that are a results of gravity between the moon and the earth
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-earth pulling the moon towards it one side of the moon always facing earth
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statements that are true of mitosis and not meiosis
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-it produces homologous chromosomes -it produces somatic cells
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Mendel's law of segregation
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-pairs of alleles on different chromosomes separate individually during gamete formation -more than one allele determines the appearance of a single trait
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describe both photosynthesis and respiration
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-oxygen is a product of photosynthesis but is consumed during respiration -photosynthesis is carried out by chloroplasts and respiration is carried out by mitochondria
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illustrate the impact of a natural science discover on another discipline
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-advancements in fossil dating methods have provided important evidence for physicists studying the big ban theory -a better understanding of the physical properties of sound has allowed for developments in liquid crystal displays
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type of star the sun will become
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red giant
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why did the discovery of the cosmic background radiation with a wavelength of 7.35cm hall to support the big ban theory of the universe
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-the wavelength matches the predicted value for the current temperature of the universe -the radiation is coming from all directions with no specific source
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why do many radiation therapy patients have low red blood cell counts
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bone marrow cells divide slowly and accumulate the effects of the radiation
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why does an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause earth's temperature to increase
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it results in more intense ultraviolet radiation
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why does primary succession take longer to reach climax community than secondary succession
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-chemical processes occur during the formation of sedimentary rocks -chemical reactions cause weathering of rocks, minerals, and mountain ranges
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x-ray (frequency)
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frequency higher than that of visible light
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x-ray
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used to identify broken bones
