question

Explain how the climate changed in Europe in the 17th century and the impact it had on society and economy

answer

climate became colder and wetter; shorter growing season with lower yields, recurrent famines, reduced population; diseases resulted from malnutrition and exhaustion (black death outbreaks)

question

Identify the European nation that prospered most in the mid-17th century

answer

Netherlands

question

Describe where and why serfdom reemerged

answer

Black Death in western Europe; eastern Europe peasants had lost their land and had to enter into a feudal relationship (Poland and eastern Germany); nobles offered land on excellent terms and granted them much personal freedom; six days a week w/o pay

question

Explain what happened to monarchs in the 16th and early 17th century in eastern Europe; what impact did this have on towns

answer

monarchs lost power to the nobles in the 16th century; many eastern European towns lost privileges and population; kings began to increase power in 17th century

question

Describe the Peace of Augsburg of 1555

answer

officially recognized Lutheranism and allowed political authorities in each German territory to decide whether the territory would be Catholic or Lutheran

question

Identify the causes of the Thirty Years' War

answer

root cause were conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire; Peace of Augsburg did not create peace because didn't recognize Calvinism; HRE split into Protestant Union and Catholic league; Religious war began in HRE but spread throughout Europe (except England)

question

Thirty Year's War: where it was fought; who participated

answer

1st phase - war broke out between Catholic Hapsburg Holy Roman emperors and Protestant nobles in Bohemia who rebelled; soon all of Europe (except England) when Catholic Ferdinand II became king 2nd phase - Danish 3rd phase - Swedish 4th phase - French (under leadership of Cardinal Richelieu) Most battles took place on German soil

question

outcomes of Thirty Year's War//Explain the Peace of Westphalia and the agreements made

answer

Peace of Westphalia ended war in 1648; France emerged as new leader in Europe; HRE fragmented into 300 states, Switzerland and Netherland became totally independent, France acquired Alsace; all German states could determine own religion thus ending conflicts over religious beliefs; states within HRE became independent, HRE died out

question

significance of Thirty Years' War

answer

new weaponry such as musket with bayonet was more efficient because of faster load time; armies better trained with more mobility; states made important strides toward sovereignty; has a monopoly over instruments of justice an use of force; France's army was 400,000 men

question

Characterize the Austrian Habsburgs

answer

In Austria, Habsburgs reigned in HRE; after 30YW turned inward and eastward to create larger empire; core included Austria and Czech Republic; focused on centralizing power by suppressing Bohemia; drove the Ottoman Turks out and took over Hungary

question

Define sovereign

answer

a state that has no government, no court system that comperes with state courts; did not have private armies, such as feudal lords; present no threat to central authority

question

Identify Armand Jean du Plessis

answer

Cardinal Richelieu's real name was Jean du Plessis; Louis XIII's minister

question

Explain the guiding principles of Cardinal Richelieu's domestic and foreign policies

answer

The guiding principle in his domestic policies was to strengthen royal control; primary focus of French foreign policy was to destroy Catholic Habsburgs' grip on territories that surrounded France

question

Describe what French intendants were and who they were responsible to

answer

intendants were commissioners for each of France's thirty-two districts who were appointed directly by and responsible to the monarch

question

Identify the Protestant commercial center Cardinal Richelieu laid siege to

answer

La Rochelle

question

Explain the process of the rebellion by the Fronde

answer

magistrates of the Parlement of Paris, the nation's most important law court, were outraged by the Crown's autocratic measures (cardinal mazarin attempt to increase total revenues); robe nobles encouraged violent protest by the common people; rebellion spread outside Paris and to the sword nobles (the traditional warrior nobility), civil order broke down completely, and Louis XIV had to flee Paris for his safety

question

Identify the reaction of the French government to the Fronde and the outcome; what was the process in ending it

answer

Anne's regency ended with the declaration of Louis as king in his own right; much of the rebellion died away, and its leaders came to terms with the government; the twin evils of noble rebellion and popular riots left the French wishing for peace and for a strong monarch to reimpose order; Louis XIV humiliated by his flight from Paris during the Fronde was determined to avoid any recurrence of rebellion when he assumed personal rule at Mazarin's death in 1661

question

Define divine theory

answer

God had established kings as his rulers on earth, and they were answerable ultimately to him alone.

question

Identify the French ruler that believed he held this power

answer

King Louis XIV

question

Describe where the nickname "Sun King" came from and what it meant

answer

Symbolizing his divine power when he was 15, King Louis danced at a court ballet dressed as a sun.

question

Explain the ways in which King Louis strengthened his absolute power

answer

after Mazarin's he deemed himself absolute monarch with divine right of rule; central policy making; definite class distinction; French became language of the courts in the 17th century; Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes, suppressed Huguenots, forced conversion on them, destroyed churches and closed schools; created Company of the east Indies to compete with the Dutch, allowed Louis to fight in many wars and maintain lavish court; Army of over 400,000 wanted to dominate Europe, waged numerous wars, even named one of the French royals Philip of Anjou to the crown in Spain; wanted to reach France's natural borders; to this day Spanish monarch is descendent of Louis XI; had strengthened absolutist power by refusing to call the Estates General

question

Identify the steps Louis XIV took against Protestants in 1685

answer

1685 Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes; suppressed Huguenots, forced conversion on them, destroyed churches and closed schools; 200,000 Huguenots fled France

question

Explain the various ways French culture spread through European courts

answer

French became the language of polite society and international diplomacy, gradually replacing Latin as the language of scholarship and learning; France inspired a cosmopolitan European culture in the late seventeenth century that looked to Versailles as its center

question

Significance of Jean-Baptiste Colbert and his various theories

answer

King Louis's financial minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert's central principle was that the wealth and the economy of France should serve the state; Colbert rigorously applied mercantilist policies to France (nations wealth determined by gold supply); created company of the east index to compete with the dutch allowed Louis to fight in many wars and maintain lavish court

question

Explain Louis XIV's military goals in Europe

answer

Louis' military goal was to expand France to natural borders

question

Describe what led to the War of Spanish Succession and the outcome of the Peace of Utrecht

answer

The will violated a prior treaty by which the European powers had agreed to divide the Spanish possessions between the king of France and the Holy Roman emperor, both brothers-in-law of Charles II. Claiming that he was following both Spanish and French interests, Louis broke with the treaty and accepted the will, thereby triggering the War of the Spanish Succession; Peace of Utrecht ended the War of the Spanish Succession which had been fought over the succession to the Spanish crown

question

Explain why Spain began to lose its economic powers and what measure were taken to prevent economic loss

answer

economic problems brought about by the loss of silver from American mines; trade had fallen 60% due to competition (expenditures exceeded income, devauled coinage and declared bankruptcies, credit collapsed); lavish lifestyles led to aristocrats to raise rents and increase taxes; drove peasants from land and agriculture fell

question

Describe the event that happened in 1609 in Spain that exacerbated their economic problems; why was it an issue?

answer

further deteriorated the skilled labor pool by expelling hundreds of muslims

question

Identify the territorial loss sustained by Spain in 1688

answer

Portugal

question

Identify the rulers of the Austrian rulers in the 17th century

answer

the Austrian Habsburgs

question

Explain the consequences for the Austrian Empire after the Thirty Years' War

answer

turned inwards and eastward to create larger empire; core included Austria and Czech Republic; however not centralized, territories ruled by Hapsburg emperor but each area had own laws

question

Identify the area Austria suppressed to gain more power in the 17th century; describe the rival driven out of Hungary in the late 17th century

answer

focused on centralizing power by suppressing Bohemia drove the Ottoman Turks out of Hungary

question

Explain how the Muscovy princes saw themselves after the fall of Constantinople in 1453

answer

saw themselves as the heirs of both the caesars (or emperors) and of Orthodox Christianity; loyally put down uprisings and collected the khan's taxes; able to destroy the other princes who were their rivals for power

question

Describe why Ivan the Terrible earned his negative reputation; describe the conditions faced by the people under his rule; how were the different classes treated

answer

16th century Ivan IV became first czar (caesar) of Russia; known for cruel, ruthlessness, crushed the boyars (nobility); known to be a sadist, tortured small animals as boy due to violence he encountered; executions and torture

question

Define the Cossacks

answer

peasants moved south and east to flee oppressive landlords; often joined up with free and warrior bands became known as Cossacks; led several riots, caused headaches for Russian leaders

question

Explain the Time of Troubles

answer

The Time of Troubles was a chaotic period that Russia entered following Ivan's death.

question

Identify the territorial expansion done by the Romanov Czars

answer

in 2nd half of 17th century added territory; Ukraine and Siberia

question

Describe Peter the Great's reforms and the events that led him to implement these reforms

answer

adopted european customs and used their technology to create a strong army ; led a group of 250 Russian officials on tours of western capitals; fascinated with western technology esp. dutch and english; wanted to apply learning; drafted peasants for 35 year terms in the army; formed navy; divided land into provinces; wanted police state well organized; western customs: beards shaved, shorter coats, women removed veils, males and females encouraged to interact

question

Significance of the Battle of Poltava

answer

revamped army defeated Sweden

question

Explain how St. Petersburg was constructed and why

answer

found a port for access to Europe through Baltic Sea by warring with Sweden; constructed a new city St. Petersburg beginning in 1703 used unpaid peasants labor to do so

question

Characterize King James and his significance and beliefs

answer

James I became king of Scotland and England; believed in divine right offerings; clashed with parliaments desire for equality in ruling; puritans wanted more rigid protestant church from church of England

question

Name the group Charles I frequently clashed with in Parliament

answer

House of Commons

question

Know the demands of the Puritans in regards to the Church of England

answer

Charles also tried to add rituals reminiscent of Catholic Church to Protestant services; Puritans wanted to get rid of vestments, ceremonies, bishops, and wedding rings

question

Explain reasons Charles I called Parliament in 1640

answer

to raise funds to quell Scottish rebellion; Parliament believed that taxation without their consent resulted in despotism; not willing to trust him since he had no army

question

Describe the New Model Army and the reason for its establishment

answer

led by Oliver Cromwell; army consisted of extreme Puritans (Independents) "doing battle for God"

question

Identify what happened to Charles I and what happened to England after his death

answer

Rump Parliament had Charles I, abolished monarchy and House of Lords and established republic or commonwealth called a Protectorate (Cromwell = military dictator)

question

Describe the English Test Act of 1673

answer

denied those outside the Church of England the right to vote, hold public office, preach, teach or attend universities, or assemble

question

Explain the reason for Charles II's secret agreement with King Louis XIV

answer

Charles II angered w parliament over inadequate pay entered into secret agreement with cousin Louis XIV; Charles II suspended laws against Catholics, attempted to re-Catholicize England Parliament suspicious and anti-Catholic sentiment spread through England

question

Identify what ended with the Glorious Revolution

answer

the reign of James II

question

Describe the Toleration Act of 1689

answer

gave Puritans but not Catholics right of free public worship; religious persecution lessened and divine right theory of kingship vanished; William was king b/c of Parliament not by grace of God; ended divine right theory

HWH Chapter 17 Test – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards