Humanities 212 Final – Flashcards

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One consequence of the Black Death was a reversion of farmland to:
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Pastureland
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Compared to the western Europe of 1300, the western Europe of 1450 had _________ people and a(n) _________ standard of living.
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Fewer; higher
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As a result of the depopulation in Europe caused by the Black Death:
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Europe's massively depleted ecological resources recovered
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Large landholders sometimes responded to the shortage of agricultural workers as a result of the Black Death by:
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Forcing their tenants to perform additional unpaid labor
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Which lower-class rebellion in the later Middle Ages involved the revolt of workers in the cloth industry who sought greater participation in local government?
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The Florentine Ciompi revolt in 1378
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A "noble" in Europe was defined as an individual who:
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Lived according to a particular lifestyle
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Just as Boccaccio wrote about a group of people telling stories to one another while sitting out the Black Death, _________ wrote about a group of people telling stories to one another while on a pilgrimage.
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Chaucer
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What is the central theme of Christine de Pisan's The City of Ladies?
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The book is an allegory that defends women against the misogynistic claims of men
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The works of Boccaccio, Chaucer, and de Pisan all demonstrate:
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The spread of vernacular literacy
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The Flemish painter Rogier van der Weyden expressed piety and the ever-present message of the Bible by:
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Portraying biblical figures in contemporary settings
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Petrarch believed that the "Dark Ages" was the time that separated him from:
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Direct communion with the classics
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In late medieval Italy there was a renewed interest in studying texts written in Greek because:
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Greek-speaking intellectuals fled to Italy as the Mongols and Ottoman Turks continually took territory from the Byzantine empire
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The early humanist Petrarch criticized late-medieval scholasticism because he felt it:
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Concentrated more on abstract speculation than on virtuous living
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Humanists believed that excellent scholarship and poetry could only be written in:
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Classical Latin and classical Greek
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The goal of the humanist education system was to:
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Produce individuals who were suited to the Priesthood
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The great influx of Greek manuscripts from the East in the fifteenth century led to the development of a new interest in a form of literary analysis known as:
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Textual criticism
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Which of the following Renaissance humanists proved that the Donation of Constantine was a medieval forgery?
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Lorenzo Valla
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For the Ottomans, their conquest of Constantinople brought:
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Vast new wealth, which greatly increased the population of the city
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The Ottoman Army that conquered much of the Middle and Near East was composed mostly of:
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Slaves
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The majority of Ottoman slaves were Christians because:
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Muslims were not permitted to enslave other Muslims
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The Muscovite state fostered a sense of unity and history within its peoples by:
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Directing hostility toward Latin Christendom and taking up the imperial mantle that had been abandoned when Constantinople fell, declaring the Muscovite state the divinely appointed successor to Rome
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The French victories over the English during the second phase of the Hundred Years' War were, in part, due to the:
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Professionalization of the French army
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Henry V was so successful in taking territory from France during the latter part of the Hundred Years' War that he was able to force the king of France to:
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Recognize him as heir to the throne of France, thereby disinheriting his own son. Henry sealed the deal by marrying the French princess, Catherine, and fathering an heir to the joint kingdom of England and France
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Joan of Arc was a problematic leader of the French forces during the latter part of the Hundred Years' War because:
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Embarrassment, charisma, peasant girl leading aristocratic women and men, commoner claiming to be commissioned by God.
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The Great Schism ended in 1417 when the:
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Council of Constance elected new Pope
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The failed conciliar movement of the Church was intended to locate the supreme authority of the Church with the:
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Delegates of regularly called councils/ Representative general council
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The English Lollards were the lay followers and successors of which late medieval theologian?
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John Wycliffe
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The Lollards advocated for all of these things EXCEPT the:
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They dismissed the sacraments, advocated for direct access to the scriptures and promoted an English translation of the Bible
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Although Jan Hus adopted the ideas of John Wycliffe, he did diverge from Wycliffe in his view of the:
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On the Eucharist being fully available to all people
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The emerging national monarchies in late medieval Europe resulted in:
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Greater militarization and more warfare
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The invention of the printing press in Europe increased the volume and rapidity of communication, thereby:
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Spread ideas quickly, increased the amount of written documents in the public and therefore increased literacy
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In Renaissance Florence, Plato's works were translated from Greek into Latin by:
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Marsilio Ficino
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Unlike most other Italian intellectuals of his age, Niccolò Machiavelli was:
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Truly a original thinker about politics
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Machiavelli admired Cesare Borgia for his:
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Ruthlessness and shrewdness/ levity and immorality
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Machiavelli advocated for tyrants like Cesare Borgia to take control of Italy because:
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He was an example of a prince who has great prowess, as displayed by his efforts to secure his state quickly after he was put in power
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In contrast to the civic humanists, Castiglione's Courtier stressed as the hallmark of true nobility:
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An ideal of effortlessness and elegance at court
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Castiglione's description of the "Renaissance man" as accomplished, witty, cultured, and stylish was:
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This new ideal actually represents a rejection of the older ideals associated with the Renaissance as a rebirth of classical education for public men
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Italian painters of the fifteenth century mastered:
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The new techniques for realistically portraying the world around them
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Italian artists of the Renaissance experimented with all of the following techniques EXCEPT:
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What they did: art, architecture, sculpture
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In the fifteenth century, the majority of the great painters were from:
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Florence
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One of the first great Renaissance Florentine painters was:
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Masaccio
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Although Leonardo da Vinci was born in Florence, he ended his career in:
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France, where the King, Francis I, was his patron
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Leonardo da Vinci's basic approach to painting was to:
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Imitate nature as closely as possible
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Raphael's School of Athens is of interest in part because:
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Many of Raphael's contemporaries were used as models for the various philosophers
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Sculpture during the Renaissance broke with the recent past in that statuary:
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Depicted freestanding figures "in the round"
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Michelangelo's painting and sculpture both became_________ as the artist aged.
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More serious, angry, depressed, sorrowful
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Erasmus wrote or edited works of all the following types except:
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Treatises of scholastic theology
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Thomas More's Utopia was a(n):
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Devastating critique of contemporary culture
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Albrecht Dürer was the first northern European artist to master:
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Techniques of the Italian Renaissance such as proportion, perspective and modeling
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The ars nova introduced _________ into the liturgy of the Mass during the Renaissance.
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Polyphonic (harmonized) version of the major sections
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After the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French king Charles VIII attempted to expand his territory even further by invading _________ in 1494.
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Northern Italy
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The most important factor in the rise of Spain as a major European power was the:
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Unification of the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile
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One result of the "Reconquista" was to end the Spanish convivencia, which was the:
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"Living together" or "harmonious coexistence" of Jews, Christians and Muslims
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The last Muslim territory to fall in Spain was:
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Granada
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Ferdinand and Isabella's decision to sponsor Columbus's voyage was spurred by:
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Their desire to counter the successful Portuguese ventures of the past half century
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In their voyages along the west coast of Africa, the Portuguese were initially in search of:
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Gold
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Beginning in the 1440s, design changes in Portuguese caravels allowed them to:
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Sail with two masts and triangular sails, which promoted faster travel
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When only 1 out of 5 ships and 18 out of 265 sailors returned from Magellan's voyage, it proved that:
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The world was simply too large for any such plan to be feasible at that time
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Hernán Cortés was aided in his conquest of the Aztec empire by all of the following except:
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The European rifles he had brought with him
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The massive influx of silver from New World Spanish colonies resulted in:
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Massive inflation
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