Human Microflora/Normal Flora – Flashcards

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What is a pathogen?
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A disease- producing microrganism that are mediated by virulence factors possed by pathogens
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What is virulence?
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Determined by quantitative measure (ID 50)
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T/F Neither virulence nore "relative" host resistance is a constance factor?
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True
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Does Infection equal Disease?
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NO
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What is infection?
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Any situation where microbe is estabilshed and growing in or on host
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Are there healty carriers for many pathogens?
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Yes
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What is the damage or injury to host?
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Disease
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What are the 4 main factors of infection?
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1. Contact

2. Adhesion

3. Colonization

4. Invasion

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What are the two types of  Normal microbiota/ normal flora?
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1. Microbes normally found at an anatomical site

2. Normal flora can produce infection but in general do not cause disease

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What are two types of infections that can result from injury or invasive procedures?
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1. Dental work (#1 entrance)

2. Rupture of a appendix

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Where are infections from overgrowth of microbes in normally steriles sites of body?
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UTIs (Uriniary Tract Infection)
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What are the roles played by indigenous microbes in stimulating or shaping the immune response?
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1. Incompatibility of blood types

2. Arthritis

3. Cardiovascular inflammation

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What is the mucous membrane against?
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Loose associa tion vs. specific cell-cell interaction
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If it is loose then it is routinely shed, what is an example?
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Intestinal tract
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If it is specific cell-cell interaction then cells firmly attach and may invade.  What is an example?
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Fimbraie: E. coli 0157:H7
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What type of barrier is the skin?
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Physical
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T/F the Skin is Resident (indigenous) vs. Transient microbiota
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True
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What rids the skin the transients?
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Low moisture and/or pH
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T/F The skin is a mechanically strong barrier that is constantly shed?
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True
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What does the shedding of skin control?
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Resident populations but also sheds bacteria into the environment.
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Most skin commensals are...?
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Gram positive (+), resident (reproduce)
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Most transients are...?
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Gram negative (-), do not reproduce
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What are the two major hangouts?
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Sweat and follicular sebaceous glands
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What 3 things does populations change with?
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weather, age, and hygiene
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What are two examples of population changes?
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1. Children have greater diverity and more pathogens G (-)

2. Women have greater diversity on hands

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Where are commensals found and what do they stimulate?
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Normally on skin and is responsible for continually stimulating immune response
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What are 5 types of commensals?
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Staph. Epidermis, Corneybacteria, Proptionibacterium, Yeast, and Gram negatives
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Where is Staph. epidermis and Corneybacterium found?
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Dry areas and sweat glands
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What stain type and Oxygen type is Proprionibacterium?
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Gram positive (+) and anaerobe
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Where is proprionibacterium found?
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The skin glands, the microbes break down the secreted lipids
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What 2 things does Propionbacterium do when they break down the secreted lipids?
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1. Generate volatile compounds (body odor)

2. Hormonally controlled overproduction of sebum (acne (vulgaris)

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Where is yeast found?
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Scalp
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Where are gram-negatives found?
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Moist areas
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Where is the normal microbiota of the nose found?
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just inside the nostriles (nares)

Also sheds onto facial skin surrounding nostrils

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What are two examples of the noraml microbiota of the nostrils?
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1.Staph. epidermis

2. Staph. Aureus

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T/F The tonsillar crypts are anaerobes and are apart of the naspharynx?
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True
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What are the three potential pathogens of the Nasopharynx that 5 -15% of healthy individuals carry?
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1. Streptococcus

2. Corneybacterium

3. Neisseria

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What are the two streps of the Oropharynx (throat at back of mouth)?
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1. α- hemolytic Strep: normal

2. β-hemolytic Strep: strep. throat

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T/F there are no normal microbiota in the lower repiratory tract?
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True
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What are microbes removed by in the lower respiratory tract?
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1. Mucociliary blanket

2. Phagocytic cells

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When are the normal mucrobiota of the mouth colonized?
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Within hours after birth, there are many unknown, specialized environment.
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What type of film is produced in the mouth?
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Biofilm (extracellular polysaccharides) has adherence to gums and teeth
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What are three examples of biofilms?
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1. Strep. Mutans- Dental carries

2. Lactobacillus- Dental carries

3. Bacteroides: Periodontal diesase

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What is a complex assortment of facultatives and anaerobes that have an encrusted biofilm
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Plaques
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The microflora in the stomach is ...?
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Unculturable that live in the mucouse lining of the stomach (higher ph)
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How does Helicobacteria survive in the stomach?
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50 % of worlds population

Has urease- so get on wall, get on fold and makes urease, rasies pH, then burrow in. then peptic ulcer forms. You can get Helicobacteria from mom.

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What are transicent bacteria killed by?
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Stomach acids
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How can trancients survive?
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1. Pass through stomach quickly

2. Ingested in food particles

3. Ingested "in bulk"

Pathogen: Vibrio cholerae: 102 to 103

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In the colon how many are unknown and unculturable?
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1. Unknown: 60%

2. Unculturable: 80%

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T/F the colon contains the largest microbial population of body
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There is a huge difference between individuals in the colon, what are the two differences?
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1. Diet

2. Physiological differences

3. Immune response (she added a third one)

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How does the colon aid in non-specific immune defense?
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By secreting bacteriocins
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What are two bacteriocins?
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1. E. coli- colicins

2. E. coli- feeds on intestinal mucus not feces and produces B12

 

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What are the oxygen for the type of flora in the colon?
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 Anaerobes and facultatives (constant slughing, rapid replacement)
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They are self regulating but can be disturbed by what two things?
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Stress and Antibiotics
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In the Genitourinary tract the Kidneys, urethra, and bladder are  normally ________?
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Sterile
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The male genital tract has what type of action?
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Continuous flushing action
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What three things are thefemal genital tract effected by?
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1. Acid-tolerant lactobacilli predominate

2. Dynamic due to hormonal cycle

3. Sensitive to stress, hromonal changes, and antibiotics

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What type of process is commenals?
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Beneficial but not for the host
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What four things do commensals have?
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1. Bacterial antimicrobial peptides

2. Bacterial immunomodulins

3. Small amounts of enterotozins

4. Vaccine delivery system

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What are bacterial immunomodulins?
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Bacterial catalase: promtoes cytokine production
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What are enterotoxins?
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Promotes antiproliferative response that provides resistance to cancer
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What are vaccine delivery systems?
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Commensals modified to carry pathogen antigens
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What are three advantages of commensals?
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1. Prevent colonizaiton by pathogens

2. Out compete transients

3. Secret inhibitory chemicals

 

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What is the disadvantages of commensals?
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They are opportunistic pathogens which means the normal microbiota can produce diease under certain circumstances.
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Commensal have a compromised host which is?
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Lowered resistance to infection
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What are two examples of compromised hosts?
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strep. pneumoniae and influenza
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What is the immune system?
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Wide distribution of cells, tissues, and organs

it has "self" vs " non self" recognition

 

 

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What is non-self?
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Foreign: "antigen"
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What is immunity?
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The ability to resist a particular disease or infection
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What are the two types of immunity?
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Innate and adaptive
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What is Innate immunity?
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Non specific mechanism
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What is adaptave immunity?
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Specific mechanism
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What has generalized resistance and no memory (does not improve with repeated exposure)?
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Nonspecific immune response: innate or natural
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What has a specific resistance to a specific foreign agent which is an antigen and has a memory (omproves with repeated exposure to antigen)
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Specific immune response: Adaptive or acquired
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T/F some of the cells in the immune system are involved in both innate and adaptive immunity
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What is the main cell of the immune system?
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Leukocytes (WBC)
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What are the 4 groups of Leukocytes (WBC)?
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1. Lymphocytes: NK, T cells, and B cells

2. Macrophages

3. Mast cells

4. Granularcytes

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How does some pathogens invade immune system cells?
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They hide from the immune system and use the cell as a taxi
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What are the three types of granulocytes?
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1. Eosinohiles

2. Basophils

3.Neutrophils

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What type of dyes are Eosinophiles?
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Acidic
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What type of dyes are Basophils?
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Basic dyes
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What are neutrophils?
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Granules don't stain
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What releases antimicrobial peptides and oxygen radicals.
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Eosinophils
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What are responsible for basophils?
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Heparin,histamine, Phagocytic
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Neutrophils are _________ and kill with enzymes and nitrous oxide.
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Phagocytic
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What is the infection associated with Eosinophils?
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Parasitic infection
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What reaction is associated with Basophiles?
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Allergic
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In neutrophils: the _________ is to site of inflammation.
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Chemotaxis
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Basophils (Allergies);and Neutrophils (Tissue damage) are?
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Innate
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What are basophiles?
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Histamine and Vasoactive molecules
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What are Eosinophiles?
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Peptides
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What are neutrophils?
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Lysozyme, Cathelicidins, lactoferrin, and defensin
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T/F Mast cells of Allergies are located in particular sites?
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True
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What do Allergies rupture and release ?
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Inflammatory compound
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What are the three types of trigger for mast cells?
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Physical, chemical, specific etc.
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An important role allergies and hypersensitivities?
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Hives

(Granules with pharmacologically active agents)

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What are the two types of lymphocytes?
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1. B cells

2. T cells

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What are B cells?
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B Lymphocytes
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What do B cells produce?
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Antibodies
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In the prescence of ______ causes B cells to produce non- specific antibodies.
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LPS
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What are T cells?
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T lymphocytes
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What do the T cells Help?
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Help B- cells and Kill (Some have a role in innate immunity)
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What are macrophages considered?
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Constant housekeepers
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Macrophages are highly _______?
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Phagocytic
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Since macrophages are highly phagocytic;they;move around and phagocytize cellular debris or ____ tagged for removal?
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cells
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How are macrophages named?
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Named according to the tissue in which they reside (Alveolar, synovial, microglual,etc.)
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Dendrites have many _____: have dendrites like neurons.
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Subsets
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Are dendrites motile?
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Yes
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Dendrite cells take part in what two response systems?
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Nonspecific resistance and specific immune response
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Dendritic cells are _______ and involved in " antigen presentation"
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Phagocytic
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The complement C system is an alternative pathway an is ___________, may be triggered during membrane inversion events.
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innate
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The complement C system have soluble c protein factors where?
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in the blood
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The complement c pathway has a major activity. What is it?
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The formation of hole in target. MAC
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The innate mechanism involes __________.
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Phagocytosis
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The innate mechanism has what type of receptors, which are on the surface og mucosal cells.
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Toll-like receptors
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What do the toll-like receptors recognize?
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Glycosylation or proteinaceous patterns present on microbes.
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The cytokines in innate mechanisms have what two things?
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Interleukins and interferons
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What are the defensions of the innate mechanism?
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antimicrobial peptides
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What is the CRP of the innate mechanism?
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The C reactive protein which is produced in response to inflammation. (Now used to prevent heart attacks)
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What are the two enzymes of innate mechanisms?
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Lactoferrin and lysozyme
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What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
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Redness, Warmth, Pain, and Swelling
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What is considered increased blood flow?
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Redness
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What is considered increased temp, limits pathogens growth (some take advantage of the increase in temp)
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Warmth
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What is the pressure on nerves?
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Pain
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What is the formation of fibrin clots prevents spread of pathogens? (What is the down side (influx of immune system cells))
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Swelling
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