Human Microflora/Normal Flora – Flashcards
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| What is a pathogen? |
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| A disease- producing microrganism that are mediated by virulence factors possed by pathogens |
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| What is virulence? |
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| Determined by quantitative measure (ID 50) |
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| T/F Neither virulence nore "relative" host resistance is a constance factor? |
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| True |
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| Does Infection equal Disease? |
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| NO |
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| What is infection? |
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| Any situation where microbe is estabilshed and growing in or on host |
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| Are there healty carriers for many pathogens? |
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| Yes |
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| What is the damage or injury to host? |
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| Disease |
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| What are the 4 main factors of infection? |
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1. Contact 2. Adhesion 3. Colonization 4. Invasion |
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| What are the two types of Normal microbiota/ normal flora? |
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1. Microbes normally found at an anatomical site 2. Normal flora can produce infection but in general do not cause disease |
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| What are two types of infections that can result from injury or invasive procedures? |
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1. Dental work (#1 entrance) 2. Rupture of a appendix |
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| Where are infections from overgrowth of microbes in normally steriles sites of body? |
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| UTIs (Uriniary Tract Infection) |
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| What are the roles played by indigenous microbes in stimulating or shaping the immune response? |
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1. Incompatibility of blood types 2. Arthritis 3. Cardiovascular inflammation |
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| What is the mucous membrane against? |
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| Loose associa tion vs. specific cell-cell interaction |
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| If it is loose then it is routinely shed, what is an example? |
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| Intestinal tract |
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| If it is specific cell-cell interaction then cells firmly attach and may invade. What is an example? |
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| Fimbraie: E. coli 0157:H7 |
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| What type of barrier is the skin? |
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| Physical |
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| T/F the Skin is Resident (indigenous) vs. Transient microbiota |
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| True |
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| What rids the skin the transients? |
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| Low moisture and/or pH |
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| T/F The skin is a mechanically strong barrier that is constantly shed? |
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| True |
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| What does the shedding of skin control? |
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| Resident populations but also sheds bacteria into the environment. |
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| Most skin commensals are...? |
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| Gram positive (+), resident (reproduce) |
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| Most transients are...? |
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| Gram negative (-), do not reproduce |
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| What are the two major hangouts? |
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| Sweat and follicular sebaceous glands |
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| What 3 things does populations change with? |
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| weather, age, and hygiene |
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| What are two examples of population changes? |
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1. Children have greater diverity and more pathogens G (-) 2. Women have greater diversity on hands |
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| Where are commensals found and what do they stimulate? |
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| Normally on skin and is responsible for continually stimulating immune response |
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| What are 5 types of commensals? |
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| Staph. Epidermis, Corneybacteria, Proptionibacterium, Yeast, and Gram negatives |
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| Where is Staph. epidermis and Corneybacterium found? |
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| Dry areas and sweat glands |
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| What stain type and Oxygen type is Proprionibacterium? |
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| Gram positive (+) and anaerobe |
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| Where is proprionibacterium found? |
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| The skin glands, the microbes break down the secreted lipids |
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| What 2 things does Propionbacterium do when they break down the secreted lipids? |
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1. Generate volatile compounds (body odor) 2. Hormonally controlled overproduction of sebum (acne (vulgaris) |
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| Where is yeast found? |
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| Scalp |
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| Where are gram-negatives found? |
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| Moist areas |
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| Where is the normal microbiota of the nose found? |
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just inside the nostriles (nares) Also sheds onto facial skin surrounding nostrils |
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| What are two examples of the noraml microbiota of the nostrils? |
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1.Staph. epidermis 2. Staph. Aureus |
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| T/F The tonsillar crypts are anaerobes and are apart of the naspharynx? |
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| True |
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| What are the three potential pathogens of the Nasopharynx that 5 -15% of healthy individuals carry? |
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1. Streptococcus 2. Corneybacterium 3. Neisseria |
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| What are the two streps of the Oropharynx (throat at back of mouth)? |
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1. α- hemolytic Strep: normal 2. β-hemolytic Strep: strep. throat |
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| T/F there are no normal microbiota in the lower repiratory tract? |
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| True |
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| What are microbes removed by in the lower respiratory tract? |
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1. Mucociliary blanket 2. Phagocytic cells |
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| When are the normal mucrobiota of the mouth colonized? |
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| Within hours after birth, there are many unknown, specialized environment. |
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| What type of film is produced in the mouth? |
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| Biofilm (extracellular polysaccharides) has adherence to gums and teeth |
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| What are three examples of biofilms? |
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1. Strep. Mutans- Dental carries 2. Lactobacillus- Dental carries 3. Bacteroides: Periodontal diesase |
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| What is a complex assortment of facultatives and anaerobes that have an encrusted biofilm |
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| Plaques |
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| The microflora in the stomach is ...? |
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| Unculturable that live in the mucouse lining of the stomach (higher ph) |
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| How does Helicobacteria survive in the stomach? |
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50 % of worlds population Has urease- so get on wall, get on fold and makes urease, rasies pH, then burrow in. then peptic ulcer forms. You can get Helicobacteria from mom. |
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| What are transicent bacteria killed by? |
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| Stomach acids |
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| How can trancients survive? |
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1. Pass through stomach quickly 2. Ingested in food particles 3. Ingested "in bulk" Pathogen: Vibrio cholerae: 102 to 103 |
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| In the colon how many are unknown and unculturable? |
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1. Unknown: 60% 2. Unculturable: 80% |
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| T/F the colon contains the largest microbial population of body |
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| There is a huge difference between individuals in the colon, what are the two differences? |
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1. Diet 2. Physiological differences 3. Immune response (she added a third one) |
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| How does the colon aid in non-specific immune defense? |
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| By secreting bacteriocins |
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| What are two bacteriocins? |
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1. E. coli- colicins 2. E. coli- feeds on intestinal mucus not feces and produces B12
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| What are the oxygen for the type of flora in the colon? |
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| Anaerobes and facultatives (constant slughing, rapid replacement) |
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| They are self regulating but can be disturbed by what two things? |
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| Stress and Antibiotics |
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| In the Genitourinary tract the Kidneys, urethra, and bladder are normally ________? |
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| Sterile |
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| The male genital tract has what type of action? |
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| Continuous flushing action |
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| What three things are thefemal genital tract effected by? |
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1. Acid-tolerant lactobacilli predominate 2. Dynamic due to hormonal cycle 3. Sensitive to stress, hromonal changes, and antibiotics |
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| What type of process is commenals? |
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| Beneficial but not for the host |
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| What four things do commensals have? |
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1. Bacterial antimicrobial peptides 2. Bacterial immunomodulins 3. Small amounts of enterotozins 4. Vaccine delivery system |
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| What are bacterial immunomodulins? |
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| Bacterial catalase: promtoes cytokine production |
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| What are enterotoxins? |
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| Promotes antiproliferative response that provides resistance to cancer |
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| What are vaccine delivery systems? |
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| Commensals modified to carry pathogen antigens |
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| What are three advantages of commensals? |
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1. Prevent colonizaiton by pathogens 2. Out compete transients 3. Secret inhibitory chemicals
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| What is the disadvantages of commensals? |
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| They are opportunistic pathogens which means the normal microbiota can produce diease under certain circumstances. |
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| Commensal have a compromised host which is? |
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| Lowered resistance to infection |
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| What are two examples of compromised hosts? |
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| strep. pneumoniae and influenza |
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| What is the immune system? |
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Wide distribution of cells, tissues, and organs it has "self" vs " non self" recognition
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| What is non-self? |
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| Foreign: "antigen" |
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| What is immunity? |
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| The ability to resist a particular disease or infection |
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| What are the two types of immunity? |
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| Innate and adaptive |
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| What is Innate immunity? |
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| Non specific mechanism |
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| What is adaptave immunity? |
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| Specific mechanism |
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| What has generalized resistance and no memory (does not improve with repeated exposure)? |
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| Nonspecific immune response: innate or natural |
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| What has a specific resistance to a specific foreign agent which is an antigen and has a memory (omproves with repeated exposure to antigen) |
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| Specific immune response: Adaptive or acquired |
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| T/F some of the cells in the immune system are involved in both innate and adaptive immunity |
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| What is the main cell of the immune system? |
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| Leukocytes (WBC) |
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| What are the 4 groups of Leukocytes (WBC)? |
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1. Lymphocytes: NK, T cells, and B cells 2. Macrophages 3. Mast cells 4. Granularcytes |
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| How does some pathogens invade immune system cells? |
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| They hide from the immune system and use the cell as a taxi |
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| What are the three types of granulocytes? |
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1. Eosinohiles 2. Basophils 3.Neutrophils |
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| What type of dyes are Eosinophiles? |
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| Acidic |
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| What type of dyes are Basophils? |
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| Basic dyes |
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| What are neutrophils? |
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| Granules don't stain |
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| What releases antimicrobial peptides and oxygen radicals. |
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| Eosinophils |
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| What are responsible for basophils? |
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| Heparin,histamine, Phagocytic |
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| Neutrophils are _________ and kill with enzymes and nitrous oxide. |
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| Phagocytic |
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| What is the infection associated with Eosinophils? |
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| Parasitic infection |
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| What reaction is associated with Basophiles? |
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| Allergic |
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| In neutrophils: the _________ is to site of inflammation. |
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| Chemotaxis |
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| Basophils (Allergies);and Neutrophils (Tissue damage) are? |
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| Innate |
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| What are basophiles? |
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| Histamine and Vasoactive molecules |
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| What are Eosinophiles? |
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| Peptides |
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| What are neutrophils? |
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| Lysozyme, Cathelicidins, lactoferrin, and defensin |
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| T/F Mast cells of Allergies are located in particular sites? |
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| True |
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| What do Allergies rupture and release ? |
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| Inflammatory compound |
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| What are the three types of trigger for mast cells? |
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| Physical, chemical, specific etc. |
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| An important role allergies and hypersensitivities? |
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Hives (Granules with pharmacologically active agents) |
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| What are the two types of lymphocytes? |
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1. B cells 2. T cells |
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| What are B cells? |
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| B Lymphocytes |
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| What do B cells produce? |
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| Antibodies |
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| In the prescence of ______ causes B cells to produce non- specific antibodies. |
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| LPS |
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| What are T cells? |
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| T lymphocytes |
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| What do the T cells Help? |
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| Help B- cells and Kill (Some have a role in innate immunity) |
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| What are macrophages considered? |
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| Constant housekeepers |
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| Macrophages are highly _______? |
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| Phagocytic |
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| Since macrophages are highly phagocytic;they;move around and phagocytize cellular debris or ____ tagged for removal? |
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| cells |
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| How are macrophages named? |
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| Named according to the tissue in which they reside (Alveolar, synovial, microglual,etc.) |
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| Dendrites have many _____: have dendrites like neurons. |
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| Subsets |
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| Are dendrites motile? |
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| Yes |
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| Dendrite cells take part in what two response systems? |
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| Nonspecific resistance and specific immune response |
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| Dendritic cells are _______ and involved in " antigen presentation" |
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| Phagocytic |
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| The complement C system is an alternative pathway an is ___________, may be triggered during membrane inversion events. |
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| innate |
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| The complement C system have soluble c protein factors where? |
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| in the blood |
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| The complement c pathway has a major activity. What is it? |
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| The formation of hole in target. MAC |
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| The innate mechanism involes __________. |
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| Phagocytosis |
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| The innate mechanism has what type of receptors, which are on the surface og mucosal cells. |
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| Toll-like receptors |
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| What do the toll-like receptors recognize? |
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| Glycosylation or proteinaceous patterns present on microbes. |
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| The cytokines in innate mechanisms have what two things? |
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| Interleukins and interferons |
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| What are the defensions of the innate mechanism? |
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| antimicrobial peptides |
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| What is the CRP of the innate mechanism? |
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| The C reactive protein which is produced in response to inflammation. (Now used to prevent heart attacks) |
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| What are the two enzymes of innate mechanisms? |
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| Lactoferrin and lysozyme |
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| What are the cardinal signs of inflammation? |
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| Redness, Warmth, Pain, and Swelling |
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| What is considered increased blood flow? |
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| Redness |
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| What is considered increased temp, limits pathogens growth (some take advantage of the increase in temp) |
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| Warmth |
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| What is the pressure on nerves? |
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| Pain |
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| What is the formation of fibrin clots prevents spread of pathogens? (What is the down side (influx of immune system cells)) |
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| Swelling |
