Human Development 313 – Flashcards
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1. Which of the following words BEST describes the focus of the study of human development?
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A. change
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2. Life-span studies are based on which of the following ideas?
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C. Every portion of the life span is influenced by earlier events and will in turn affect later events.
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3. A change in the number or amount or frequency of a behavioral characteristic would be referred to as a __________ change.
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D. quantitative
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4. Which of the following is an example of qualitative change in human development?
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A. Tina develops two new strategies for remembering.
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5. Elaine gains 14 pounds between the ages of 12 and 13. This is an example of
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B. quantitative change.
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6. Change and stability in mental abilities, such as learning, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, etc. would constitute which type of development?
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cognitive
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7. Which type of development is most involved in the growth of body and brain, sensory capacities, motor skills, and health?
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C. physical
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8. Which of the following is true about physical development?
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A. It interacts with cognitive, personality, and social development at all ages.
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9. Marcus is 14 months old and having great difficulty when left with the babysitter. His separation anxiety is an example of interaction between which two types of development?
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D. intellectual and social
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10. Marlane is large for her age and does not have many friends. This is an example of interaction between which two types of development?
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C. physical and social
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11. The existence of adolescence as part of the life span in many industrialized societies is an example of
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B. social construction.
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12. According to your text, which of the following is NOT one of the major divisions of the life span?
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D. senescence
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13. Shayla is dependent on adults to meet her basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter, and to provide attachment bonding. She is experiencing the needs of what developmental period?
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A. infancy
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14. Becoming introspective and searching out meaning in life is characteristic of which of the following?
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D. late adulthood
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15. Marcus has stopped being so demanding and waits his turn when playing with his friends. He also appears to be more interested in others instead of himself. He is probably in what developmental period?
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D. middle childhood
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16. Meghan recorded events in the lives of her sons Joseph and Jacob such as their first words, the first step, and the events of puberty. These events are examples of
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D. maturation.
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17. Environmental or experiential factors that help define individual differences in development include all of the following EXCEPT
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A. genetic inheritance.
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18. A child born today in Iraq will have different experiences than children born in the United States or Mexico. These experiences will affect the course of development for these children because each child develops within a unique
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B. social and historical context.
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19. According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, the first stage of development, which occurs during infancy, is
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A. trust versus mistrust.
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20. According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, a teenage girl would be facing the crisis of
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D. identity versus identity confusion.
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21. An example of Erikson's stage of initiative versus guilt would be
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A. an infant learning that she can depend on being fed.
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22. Freud's research stressed the importance of
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D. the uselessness of recalling childhood experiences.
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23. The successful outcome of each of Erikson's psychosocial stages is the development of the particular virtue of
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B. wisdom.
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24. In contrast with Freud, Erikson placed more emphasis on
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B. intellectual development.
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25. A long-lasting change in behavior as a result of experience or adaptation to its environment is called
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C. learning.
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26. Behaviorists are most concerned with
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D. personality conflicts between parents and children.
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27. According to the _________ perspective, people's actions are reactions to aspects of their environment that they find pleasing, painful, or threatening.
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...
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28. The ________ perspective emphasizes the influence of the environment rather than thought processes or unconscious fantasies.
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...
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28. The ________ perspective emphasizes the influence of the environment rather than thought processes or unconscious fantasies.
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...
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30. Which one of the following is NOT a type of associative learning?
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...
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31. In classical conditioning, an association is learned between
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...
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32. Which of the following researchers worked with "Little Albert" in one of the earliest and most famous examples of classical conditioning in human development?
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33. The principles of classical conditioning were developed by
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34. A girl receives an injection and cries. Each time she receives an injection again, the same nurse gives it. Her mother notices that the child now cries when she sees this nurse even if no injection is given. This is an example of
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35. The psychologist who formulated the principles of operant conditioning was
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36. __________ is the principle that an organism will repeat behaviors when these behaviors are reinforced.
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37. Any consequence of a behavior that INCREASES the likelihood of that behavior being repeated is called
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38. Punishment __________ a behavior by bringing on a(n)__________event.
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39. Reinforcement is most effective when it is __________ after the behavior it is designed to reinforce.
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40. An example of negative reinforcement is
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41. Edwin is learning to ride his bike. Each time that he rides onto the gravel driveway, he loses control of the bike and falls. Eventually Edwin will no longer ride in the driveway. This example represents the learning process of
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42. The use of operant conditioning to modify or shape human behavior is called
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43. The principles of social learning theory were developed by
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44. According to social learning theory, the most important element in how children learn a language, deal with aggression, develop a sense of morality, and learn gender-appropriate behavior is
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45. The process of modeling, or observing and imitating others, is referred to as
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46. ____________develops as children gradually establish guidelines for judging their own actions and select models who exemplify these guidelines.
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47. Stacy feels confident in knowing she has what it takes to succeed. Stacy has developed
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48. The perspective on human behavior that is concerned with thought processes and the behavior that reflects those processes is called the __________ perspective.
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49. __________ is the researcher best known for his theory of cognitive development.
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50. The two major points of Jean Piaget's cognitive perspective are that people are ______ and behavior develops ______.
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