Human Anatomy and Physiology 1 - Flashcards

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Anatomy

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The study of the structures and organization of the body

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Physiology

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The study of the functions of the body parts

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Ventral

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The "bellyside" / front size

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Midsagittal

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Plane vertically dividing the body into equal right and left portions

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Mediastinum

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The space between the lungs

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Cell

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The basic unit of life; collection of organelles

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Superior

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Uppermost or above

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Ventral Cavity

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Bellyside cavity that includes thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

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ATP

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Energy; adenosine-triphosphate

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Atoms

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Smallest particle of an element that maintains all the characteristics of that element

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Elements

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Substance with the same amount of protons and electrons

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Ion

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Charged atom

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Compounds

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Combination of two or more elements in bonding

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Atomic Number

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Number of protons or electrons

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Atoms are electrically_____

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Neutral

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Brownian Movement

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Random collisions of diffusing molecules

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Diffusion

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Movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low one

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Increased temperature causes diffusion to _____

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Move faster

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Osmosis

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Diffusion of water

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Hypotonic

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Solute Concentration higher inside than outside. Water moves into cell and causes swelling.

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Hypertonic

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Solute Concentration higher outside than inside. Water moves out of cell and causes shrinking.

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Isotonic

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Solute concentration equal on inside and outside. Water stays the same in concentration.

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Neutral pH reading is____ that only _____ has

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10^-7; distilled water

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Buffers

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Substances that function to prevent radical changes in pH. Act as reservoirs for H+. Donates H+ when H+ concentration falls and accepts when rises.

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Protoplasm

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The living content of a cell that is surrounded by a plasma membrane (cell membrane); solution made of water, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and inorganic cells

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Cytoplasm

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The protoplasm of a cell excluding the nucleus ; the region of the cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus

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Nucleus

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"Control center" of the cell ; a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction ; contains nucleolus ; nucleic pores ; continuous with Endoplasmic Reticulum ; the most prominent organelle

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Nucleolus

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The organelle where ribosomes are made, synthesized and partially assembled, located in the nucleus

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Lysosomes

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Spheres that contain digestive enzymes ; stores food, maintains and repairs organelles, contains suicide agent for old and damaged cells

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Chloroplasts

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Large organelles containing chlorophyll (green pigment) ; composed of double membrane (inner + outer), thylakoids, and stroma (liquid). Where photosynthesis takes place.

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Mitochondria

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"Powerhouse" of the cell. Organelle involved in ATP production through cellular respiration (converts energy in food into usable chemical energy)

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Ribosome

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Site of protein synthesis ; composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins ; no membrane ; free in cytoplasm (results in proteins made to go anywhere within the cell needed) or bound to Endoplasmic Reticulum (results in proteins made to stay within the ER and/or be transported in vesicles)

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Plant cell wall is made of_____

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cellulose

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Photosynthesis

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Occurs in plants; converts light energy (photons), CO2, and H20 into "food"(glucose) and oxygen. 6 CO2 + 12 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O

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Cell membrane is ______, allowing materials to enter and exit.

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Semi-permeable

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Cilia

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Short, hair-like structures made of microtubules that are located on the cell's surface and enable the movement of cells or the movement of materials outside a cell ; small projections for movement

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Flagella

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Long, threadlike structures that protrude from the cell's surface and enable movement; large projections for movement

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Periosteum

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Tough membrane on outside of bone; protects long bones ; provides nutrient-rich blood for bones cells and is a source of bone - developing cells during growth or after a fracture

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Osteoclasts

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Bone-destroying cells; remove bone during remodeling

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Osteoblasts

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Bone-forming cells ; spindle shaped cells

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Osteocytes

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Develop from osteoblasts ; mature bone cells

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Ossification

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The developmental process of bone formation

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Hemotopoiesis

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Blood cell formation, occurs in red bone marrow

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Patella

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Largest Sesamoid bone

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Hyoid

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Only facial bone that doesn't articulate with another bone

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Atlas

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The 1st cervical vertebrae (C1); yes bone

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Axis

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The 2nd cervical vertebrae (C2) ; no bone

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Ischium

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Strongest bone of pelvic girdle; the "sit down" bone

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Diaphysis

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The shaft of the long bone; contains compact bone with a central cavity

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Epiphysis

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The end of a long bone; externally has compact bone, internally had cancellous (spongy) bone; capped with articular cartilage

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Bone Growth

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Occurs at the boundary between the metaphysis and epiphysis (growth plate); epiphyseal line

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Kyphosis

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An abnormal outward (backward) curvature of the vertebral column

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Lordosis

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An abnormal inward (forward) curvature of the vertebral column

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Scoliosis

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An abnormal lateral curve to the vertebral column.

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True Ribs

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First 7 pairs of ribs that attach directly to the sternum by individual cartilage

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False Ribs

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Ribs 8-10

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Floating Ribs

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Ribs 11-12; Don't attach to the sternum.

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Ligaments

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Tissue that connects bone to bone

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Tendons

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Tissue that connects muscle to bone

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Long bone

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A type of bone that is longer than it is wide; femur, humerus, phalanges ; consist of a Diaphysis and an Epiphysis

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Short bone

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Cubelike bones; the length, width, and height measurements are all about the same ; include the carpal bones (hands, wrist) and tarsal bones (feet, ankles) ; orregular

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Flat bone

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Thin, usually curved bones located in skull, sternum, ribs, scapulae ; supply protection and excessive muscle attachment

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Osteoporosis

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Condition of decreased bone mass, causing bones to become brittle and have an increased susceptibility to fractures.

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206 bones

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There are ____ bones in the skeleton.

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Manubrium, gladiolus, xiphoid process

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3 parts of the sternum are _____, _____ , and _____.

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Humerus

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Upper arm bone ; largest bone in the upper extremity

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Ulna

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The larger and medial bone of the lower arm

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Radius

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The shorter and lateral bone of the lower arm

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Kneecap

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General name for "patella"

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Thigh bone

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Femur - Heaviest, strongest, and longest bone in the body.

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Hand bones

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Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

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Ankle bones

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Tarsals

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Wrist bones

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Carpals

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Heel bone

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Calcaneus

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Collar bone

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Clavicle

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Breast bone

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Sternum

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Shoulder blade

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Scapula

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Foot bones

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Metatarsals

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In order to prevent the development of osteoporosis, extra calcium is needed in the diet, exercise can help by stimulating the formation of new bone ; Vitamins A and C are necessary for proper bone development ; Vitamin D (from Sun) is necessary for proper absorption of calcium

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Explain how diet and exercise relates to bone growth and formation.

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Articulation

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A place of junction between two or more bones; the point where two bones come together ; a joint

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Structure; function

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Joints are classified according to ______ and ______

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Synarthoses

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Types of joints that do not allow any movement

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Hinge Joint

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Joints limited to a flexion and extension in one plane

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Ball and socket joint

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Joint that allows movement in all directions

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Suture

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Immovable joint ; can be found between the various types of skull bones ; thin layer of fibrous tissue

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Flexion

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Decreasing an angle between bones such as to "nod" the head

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Rotation

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Turning a body part on central axis

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Extension

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Increasing and angle between bones such as to kick a ball

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Elevation

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Raising a body part

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Dorsi Flexion

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Heels down/toes up towards shin; upward flexion of ankle

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Abduction

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Moving a limb away from the midline

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Adduction

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Moving a limb toward the midline

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Supination

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Rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms face upward; movement that allows you to carry a bowl of soup

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Action ; Shape ; Origin and Insertion ; Relative Size ; location ; number of divisions ; direction the fibers run

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Muscles are named according to ______, ______ , _______, _______, ________, ________, and _______.

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Acetylcholine

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A neurotransmitter that triggers muscle contraction ; released at neuromuscular junction

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Troponin

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Calcium attaches to _______ to allow for contraction.

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Myosin

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Thick filament

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Actin

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Thin filament

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Motor Unit

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A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

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move closer together

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Z-lines _____ during contraction

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All or none law

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Principle that the action potential in a neuron does not vary in strength; the neuron either fires at full strength or it does not fire at all.

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Phosphocreatine

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A high-energy compound that can be used to re-form ATP. it is used primarily during bursts of activity, such as lifting and jumping ; only found in muscles

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Flexor muscle

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A muscle that that decreases the angle between bones on two sides of a joint, as in bending the elbow or knee

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Parts of the quadriceps femoris

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4 parts

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Cramps

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Prolonged, involuntary muscle contractions

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Atrophy

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The wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any progressive decline or failure;

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Synergists

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Assist the prime movers

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Origin

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The immovable end of a muscle ; fixed attachment

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Agonist

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Muscle that causes movement

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Antagonist

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Muscle that strengthens the joint

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Function of the deltoid

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Abducts arm

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Abdominal muscles

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Muscle that develops when we do sit ups

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The S.A.I.D principle asserts that the human body adapts specifically to imposed demands; all training is specific to a particular task, specific skills or training may not easily generalize or transfer to distinct activities. Thus, sprinting might not translate well to long distance running and vice versa

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Explain the S.A.I.D Principle as it relates to an athlete who is a sprinter as one who is a distance runner.

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Cardiac Cycle

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A complete heartbeat consisting of contraction and relaxation of both atria and both ventricles

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72

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Heart beats ______ times per minute.

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Systemic circulation

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The movement of blood from the heart to all parts of the body and back to the heart

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Pulmonary circulation

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Circulation from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart

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Double Pump

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Artia contract together ; ventricles contract together

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Pulmonary Semilunar valve: Located between Right Ventricle and Pulmonary artery ; prevents the back flow of blood between the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle Aortic Semilunar valve: Located between Left Ventricle and Aorta ; prevents back flow of blood between left ventricle and aorta

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Name and explain the function of the semilunar valves

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Mitral/biscuspid: prevents backflow of blood between left atrium and left ventricle Tricuspid: prevents backflow of blood between right atrium and right ventricle

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Name and explain the function of the A-V valves

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Mitral

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Another name for the biscupid valve

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Function of the pulmonary arteries

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Transports deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

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Superior Vena Cava

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Carries blood from upper regions of the body to right atrium

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Inferior Vena Cava

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Carries blood from lower regions of the body to right atrium

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Coronary arteries

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Blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle

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Conduction System

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Electrical impulses from nerves that stimulate contraction and relaxation of heart

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Pacemaker

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SA Node

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SA -> AV -> bundle of his -> bundle branches -> Purkinje fibers

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Path of the electrical activity of the heart _______

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Purkinje fibers

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Contraction of the ventricles is caused by the _______

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Coronary artery disease

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Insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle due to an obstruction of one or more coronary arteries.

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Myocardial infarction

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Another name for a heart attack

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Angina pectoris

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A heart condition marked by paroxysms of chest pain due to reduced oxygen to the heart

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Atherosclerosis

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Condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries

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Hypertension

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Abnormally high blood pressure; ex: 140/90

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Regular physical activity can help control blood lipid abnormalities, diabetes and obesity. Aerobic physical activity can also help reduce blood pressure; Heart becomes more "elastic," A poor and unhealthy diet of large amounts of fat, salt, and sugar reduces the flow of blood and nutrients to the heart and can thus lead to a build up plaque and ultimately, a myocardial infarction or Coronary Artery disease

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Explain the benefit of proper nutrition and exercise in preventing cardiovascular disease.

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At higher elevations, there are hypoxic conditions (oxygen deprivation). At certain high elevations, oxygen is scarce and this lack of oxygen can potentially cause brain damage or a loss of brain cells. Climbers want to return to lower elevations during sleep for sufficient oxygen supply, and advance when they are awake. Aside for just sleep, Climbers may also return to lower elevations for a "resting period."

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Explain the rationale for mountain climbers' to continuously return to lower elevations before climbing into hypoxic conditions.

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Plasmalemma

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Aka. Plasma or cell membrane. Consists of a lipid bilayer, containing phospholipids, steroids, proteins, and carbohydrates ; hydrophilic phosphate heads, hydrophobic fatty acid tails ; Semi-permeable.

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Skeletal muscle

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Muscles that's striated, voluntary, multinucleated and attached to the skeleton

Human Anatomy and Physiology 1 – Flashcards

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