huffman__ch 09__life span development i – Flashcards
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developmental psychology
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Study of age-related changes in behavior and mental processes from conception to death
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maturation
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Development governed by automatic, genetically predetermined signals
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critical period
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A time of special sensitivity to specific types of learning, which shapes the capacity for future development
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cross-sectional method
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Measures individuals of various ages at one point in time and gives information about age differences
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longitudinal method
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Measures a single individual or group of individuals over an extended period and gives information about age changes
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germinal period
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First stage of prenatal development, which begins with ovulation, conception, and implantation in the uterus (the first two weeks)
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embryonic period
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Second stage of prenatal development, which begins after uterine implantation and lasts through the eighth week
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fetal period
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Third, and final, stage of prenatal development (eight weeks to birth), which is characterized by rapid weight gain in the fetus and the fine detailing of bodily organs and systems
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teratogen [Tuh-RAT-uh-jen]
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Environmental agent that causes damage during prenatal development; the term comes from the Greek word teras, meaning "malformation"
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fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
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Combination of birth defects, including organ deformities and mental, motor, and/or growth retardation, that results from maternal alcohol abuse
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puberty
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Biological changes during adolescence that lead to an adult-sized body and sexual maturity
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ageism
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Prejudice or discrimination based on physical age
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schema
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Cognitive structures or "blueprints" of organized ideas that grow and differentiate with experience
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assimilation
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In Piaget's theory, applying existing mental patterns (schemas) to new information; new information is incorporated (assimilated) into existing schemas
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accomodation
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In Piaget's theory, adjusting existing mental patterns (schemas), or developing new ones, to better fit with new information; mental schemas are changed to accommodate new information
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sensorimotor stage *** 1st stage birth to 2
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Piaget's first stage of cognitive development (birth to approximately age 2), in which schemas are developed through sensory and motor activities
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object permanence
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Piagetian term for an infant's understanding that objects (or people) continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched directly
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preoperational stage *** 2nd stage 2 to 7
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Piaget's second stage of cognitive development (roughly age 2 to 7), characterized by the ability to employ significant language and to think symbolically, but the child lacks operations (reversible mental processes), and thinking is egocentric and animistic
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egocentrism
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Inability to consider another's point of view, which Piaget considered a hallmark of the preoperational stage
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concrete operational stage *** 3rd stage 7 to 11
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Piaget's third stage of cognitive development (roughly age 7 to 11); child can perform mental operations on concrete objects and understand reversibility and conservation, but thinking is tied to concrete, tangible objects and events
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conservation
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Understanding that certain physical characteristics (such as volume) remain unchanged, even when their outward appearance changes
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formal operational stage *** 4th stage 11 and older
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Piaget's fourth stage of cognitive development (around age 11 and beyond), characterized by abstract and hypothetical thinking
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attachment
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Strong emotional bond with special others that endures over time
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imprinting
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Innate form of learning within a critical period that involves attachment to the first large moving object seen
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personal fable
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exaggerated view of the uniqueness of their own thoughts, feelings or experiences
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imaginary audience
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the assumption that others are paying a great deal of attention to them, and are wrapped up in how they look, what they are feeling, or what they are doing
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permissive parenting style
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too soft - very little to no control - emotionally involved
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authoritarian parenting style
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too hard - high control, not high on emotional connecting
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authoritative parenting style
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just right - high in involvement and high in emotional connection, empathy
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What does the term schema mean? a. a reflex movement b. a cognitive structure or pattern of organized ideas c. a plan for eating d. absorbing new information based on experience
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b. a cognitive structure or pattern of organized ideas
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At what stage of cognitive development can a person reason logically? a. sensorimotor b. concrete operations c. preoperational d. formal operational
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d. formal operational
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What are some criticisms of Piaget's theories? a. Piaget assumed that infants show non-egocentric responses b. caters to an imaginary audience c. does not include role of culture and genetic factors d. relies on personal fables
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c. does not include role of culture and genetic factors
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Jean Piaget thought human cognitive development: a. is completely unique from individual to individual b. grows out of a tendency to scheme against others c. takes place in four stages as curiosity leads us to explore our world d. never changes from infancy to old age
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c. takes place in four stages as curiosity leads us to explore our world
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Our mental development consists: a. of learning facts and also building cognitive structures b. of emotional reactions to experience c. only of learning facts about the world d. only of creating cognitive structures or patterns
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a. of learning facts and also building cognitive structures
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According to Piaget, during development a person's schemas change a. due to experience and maturation according to a consistent set of stages b. automatically as the brain gets larger, without any process of learning required c. differently depending on our culture d. only if we go to school
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a. due to experience and maturation according to a consistent set of stages
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In Piaget's theory, assimilation involves: a. changing our old schemas because they conflict with new information b. learning to have a schema by trying to fit in with others c. changes in cognitive structures after a brain injury d. incorporating new information into an existing schema
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d. incorporating new information into an existing schema
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In Piaget's theory, accommodation involves: a. learning to cooperate with others as we get older b. incorporating new information into an existing schema c. changing the world around us to make it consistent with our cognitive structures d. changing our old schemas because they conflict with new information
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d. changing our old schemas because they conflict with new information
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The first stage of cognitive development described by Piaget is called the: a. sensorimotor stage b. center stage c. accommodation stage d. assimilation stage
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a. sensorimotor stage
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Realizing that something continues to exist even when we have no immediate sensory contact with it has been called: a. object permanence b. mental hangover c. perspective d. motor memory
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a. object permanence
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In the preoperational stage of cognitive development, a child will: a. communicate primarily by gesturing or crying b. act on mental representations of things not just on objects immediately in front of them c. learn primarily by processing sensory input and developing basic motor skills d. develop an interest in prehistoric forms of surgery
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b. act on mental representations of things not just on objects immediately in front of them
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Egocentrism, the inability to consider things from another person's point-of-view: a. is a personality trait completely unrelated to cognitive development b. is observed in children who are at the preoperational stage of cognitive development c. leads the child to deny that bad events are caused by their behavior d. first develops during late adolescence
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b. is observed in children who are at the preoperational stage of cognitive development
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Piaget used the term mental operation to a. animistic thinking b. logically manipulating concepts c. incorporating new information into an existing schema d. realizing that something continues to exist even when we have no immediate sensory contact with it
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b. logically manipulating concepts
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Concrete mental operations include conservation of volume, evaluating the amount of liquid based on: a. whether is satisfies thirst b. thinking the taller container always has more in it c. cutting into the can d. considering the combined height and width of its container:
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d. considering the combined height and width of its container:
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Formal operations in Piaget's theory refers to manipulating: a. abstract concepts b. objects like toys as if they were alive c. musical instruments in concert performances d. combinations of tastes as in baking a pie
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a. abstract concepts
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A securely attached baby balances the need to feel secure in a strange environment and the need to explore the new environment. a. True b. False
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a. True
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A securely attached infant will... a. use the caregiver as a safe base from which to explore. b. show moderate distress on separation from the caregiver. c. be happy when the caregiver returns. d. all of the above e. a and c only
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d. all of the above
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Infants that do not seek closeness with the caregiver and tend to be toy-focused are called _______. a. securely attached) (seek a balance with security and need to explore - 60% b. anxious/avoidant (toy-focused - rarely cry, or seek proximity to the caregiver - 15% - 2nd most common pattern in US and Germany - children are encouraged to be independent at an early age, they are not picked up every time they cry and sleep alone very early on) c. anxious/ambivalent (difficulty balancing the need for security with the need for exploration - reluctant to leave caregiver's side...angry, squirm or hit caregiver - 10% - 2nd most common pattern in Japan and Israel - children are kept in continuous and close contact with caregivers at all times) d. disorganized/disoriented (mixture of avoidant and ambivalent - confused or apprehensive in presence of caregiver - 15%) e. avoidant/ambivalent
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b. anxious/avoidant (toy-focused - rarely cry, or seek proximity to the caregiver - 15% - 2nd most common pattern in US and Germany - children are encouraged to be independent at an early age, they are not picked up every time they cry and sleep alone very early on)
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In the video, how much sleep did most middle schoolers get? a. 9 hours b. 7-8 hours c. 10 hours d. 6-7 hours
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b. 7-8 hours
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All of the following has been linked to lack of sleep EXCEPT a. depression b. peer ridicule c. low self-esteem d. lower grades
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b. peer ridicule
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What overall basic difference did Dr. Shaw discover when he compared the brains of kids with ADHA to kids without ADHD? a. The brains of kids with ADHD stopped developing permanently once puberty began. b. The brains of kids with ADHD developed more slowly than those without ADHD. c. Kids with ADHD had slightly smaller cerebellums, but not significantly different. d. The brains of kids with ADHD developed too quickly and so not completely.
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b. The brains of kids with ADHD developed more slowly than those without ADHD.
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What did Dr Shaw suggest is the reason that some people outgrow ADHD when they reach adulthood? a. The medications they took corrected their brain chemistry. b. The increase in hormones during puberty caused the brain to function normally. c. The brains of those with ADHD take longer to develop. d. They were misdiagnosed in childhood.
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c. The brains of those with ADHD take longer to develop.
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Dr Shaw said that the ADHD brain development was typically _________ by ____ years. a. ahead; 3 b. ahead; 5 c. delayed; 3 d. delayed; 2
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c. delayed; 3
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Which part of the brain did Dr Shaw report as being the most affected by ADHD? a. the brain stem b. the front hemispheres c. the occipital lobes d. the cerebellum
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b. the front hemispheres
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Which of the following statements would developmental psychologists consider TRUE? a. Psychologists generally believe that development emerges from each individual's unique genetic predisposition and from individual experiences in the environment. b. Some traits are stable while others vary greatly across the life span. c. Biological factors, psychological influences, and social forces all affect development and influence each other. d. All of the above statements are true.
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d. All of the above statements are true.
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As a developmental psychologist, when Dr. Tipnis uses the term "maturation" she is referring to development that occurs as a result of _____. a. an interaction between biology and environment b. genetically predetermined signals c. instinctive processes d. homeostatic imbalances
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b. genetically predetermined signals
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Currently, the biopsychosocial model to development is supported by _____. a. more psychiatrists than psychologists b. more nurturist than nativist c. most psychologists d. most nativist
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c. most psychologists
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Dr. Gussman is conducting research on fluid intelligence. Over a three day period in October she tested participants of various ages (20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 years of age) and then compared their results. This is which type of experimental design? a. cross-sectional b. longitudinal c. experimental d. none of the above
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a. cross-sectional
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The _____method of research can confuse legitimate age differences with cohort effects, because the differences they find are mainly the result of the specific historic periods rather than age group differences. a. cross-cultural b. longitudinal c. cross-sectional d. all of the above
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c. cross-sectional
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A child's brain reaches seventy-five percent of its full adult weight by _____ of age. a. 6 years b. 16 months c. 2 years d. 10 years
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c. 2 years
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The age when Carmen initially crawled and walked was primarily the result of _________. a. specific training techniques of her caretakers b. her maturational readiness c. her personality and motivation d. the educational level of her parents
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b. her maturational readiness
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Dennis was born with wide-set eyes, a thin upper lip, limb abnormalities, motor and growth retardation, and low intelligence. These characteristics are typically related to _____. a. tardive dyskinesia b. Down's syndrome c. paternal alcoholism d. fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
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d. fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
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Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. The newborn's first motor abilities are limited to reflexes. b. During the last few months inside the womb, the fetus can apparently hear sounds outside the mother's body. c. The newborn's sense of touch and pain are highly developed. d. The newborn's sense of vision is highly developed.
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d. The newborn's sense of vision is highly developed.
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Bob is sixty years old, is well educated, is experienced in his field and has excellent references. However, he is having great difficulty even getting an interview for a job. Employers tend to assume that Bob will be slow to learn and will have health problems simply because he is an older worker. This is a type of discrimination known as: a. ageism b. rationalization c. antithetical thinking d. none of the above
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a. ageism
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Karen is a little girl who plays the flute. Her band instructor would like her to also play the piccolo. Karen learns that the fingerings that she must use to produce the notes on the piccolo are the same as for the flute, but she must change her hand position and learn to blow into the piccolo in a different way. This is an example of: a. assimilation b. accommodation c. object permanence d. none of the above
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b. accommodation
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Six-month-old Patti is playing a game with her father. He takes her rattle and hides it under cup so that it cannot be directly seen. Patti reaches for the cup and removes it to retrieve her rattle. This example demonstrates that Patti has achieved: a. conservation b. reversibility of thought c. object permanence d. abstract thought
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c. object permanence
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When Samir and his mother arrive at the store, Samir comments to his mother that the car needs to rest while they are shopping because it "ran a long way." This is an example of: a. egocentrism b. object permanence c. animism d. reversibility of thought
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c. animism
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Five-year-old Shannon is shown two identical balls of clay. She acknowledges that both balls have the same amount of clay. She watches as one ball is flattened and is then asked which one has more. She incorrectly states that the long, flattened one now has more clay. Shannon is most likely in which stage of cognitive development? a. preoperational stage b. concrete operational stage c. formal operational stage d. sensorimotor stage
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a. preoperational stage
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Franklin is sixteen and sometimes drives after drinking alcohol. He acknowledges that "people shouldn't drink and drive because they might get caught or wreck their car" but does not think that these consequences could possibly happen to him. This is an example of: a. preoperational egocentrism b. animism c. personal fable d. imaginary audience
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c. personal fable
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Which of the following are criticisms of Piaget's theory that are supported by research? a. Piaget may have underestimated young children's cognitive abilities. b. Piaget's model has been criticized for not sufficiently taking into account genetic and cultural differences. c. Both a and b are criticisms. d. Piaget's theory is too dependent on cultural influences.
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c. Both a and b are criticisms.
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According to John Bowlby, infants become attached to their caregiver mainly due to _________; but according to Harry Harlow attachment results from _________. a. instinct; contact comfort b. unconscious needs; imprinting c. nourishment; touching d. none of the above
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a. instinct; contact comfort
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Cindy is an infant who cries and screams loudly when her mother leaves the room, seeks contact with her when she comes back, and then pushes away angrily to get away from her. Cindy is most likely to have formed which type of attachment? a. secure b. avoidant c. anxious/ambivalent d. disorganized/disoriented
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c. anxious/ambivalent
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When a new babysitter attempts to interact with one-year-old Kyle, he pulls away from her and toward his mother. When his mother leaves the room, Kyle shows distress temporarily and welcomes her when she returns. According to Ainsworth, Kyle is most likely to have formed which type of attachment? a. avoidant b. anxious/ambivalent c. secure d. disordered
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c. secure
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Tommy's father does not seem to be very interested in actively parenting his son. He ignores repeated phone calls from a concerned teacher regarding Tommy's behavioral problems in the classroom. The father does not know much about his interests or friends. He rarely disciplines Tommy or sets limits for his behavior. Which of the following terms best describes his parenting style? a. permissive-indifferent b. authoritarian c. permissive-indulgent d. authoritative
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a. permissive-indifferent
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Studies of an infant's attachment to a parent, and then in adulthood their relationships with a romantic partner have found that _______. a. insecurely attached infants become ambivalently attached adults b. infant attachment is closely correlated with later patterns of romantic love in adulthood c. securely attached infants tend to be less attached as adolescents d. avoidant infants tend to be obsessed with their romantic partners as adults
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b. infant attachment is closely correlated with later patterns of romantic love in adulthood
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In the area of child development, cultures have specific ideas and beliefs regarding how children should be trained. Such a set of ideas and beliefs is referred to as a(n) _____. a. ethnobiography b. cultural bias c. ethnotheory d. cohort effect
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c. ethnotheory
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According to your text, the best predictor of future behavior in a child is _____. a. his or her health status b. his or her intellectual capacity c. the sociocultural context for that child d. the parenting style of his or her parents
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c. the sociocultural context for that child
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Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Human development cannot be studied outside of its sociocultural context. b. Each culture's ethnotheories are important determinants of behavior. c. People often discuss and examine the ideals, values, and assumptions central to their own culture. d. Culture may be the most important determinant of development.
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c. People often discuss and examine the ideals, values, and assumptions central to their own culture.
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Cultural psychologists are NOT interested in studying _____. a. age-related similarities within cultures b. ethnotheories c. age-related differences in different cultures d. outside the developmental niche
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d. outside the developmental niche
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The study of age-related changes in behavior and mental processes throughout the lifespan is called _____. neo-gerontology developmental psychology longitudinal psychology thanatology 1
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developmental psychology
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Assad and Juana believe in stimulating their new baby's senses by playing and singing to her. They also believe it is important to reinforce her curiosity and her attempts to interact with them verbally. It is MOST likely that Assad and Juana believe that _____ is the major contributor to their child's development. nature maturation nurture sensation training 5
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nurture
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Today, most psychologists take _____ approach to human development. a nativist an empiricist a dualist an interactionist 10
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an interactionist
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At the moment of conception, you were smaller than________. a popcorn kernel a housefly the period at the end of this sentence a marble 22
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the period at the end of this sentence
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Teratogens are _____ that can cause birth defects. environmental agents dominant genes DNA fragments recessive genes 28
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environmental agents
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Evidence supporting the role of maturation in motor development is provided by _____. the universal progression from crawling to walking the ability of Hopi Indian children to walk at one year, even though they've been carried in a cradleboard until then the inability of Hopi Indian children to walk until after they have crawled none of these options 40
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the ability of Hopi Indian children to walk at one year, even though they've been carried in a cradleboard until then
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Using Fantz's "looking chamber," researchers have found that infants prefer _____. fathers mothers complex patterns simple patterns 43
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complex patterns
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The clearest and most dramatic physical sign of puberty is __________, and by significant changes in reproductive structures and sexual characteristics. the growth spurt primary sex characteristics secondary sex characteristics menarche for females and spermarche for males 47
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the growth spurt
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Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding the male climacteric? Men experience a decline in testosterone and sperm production as they age. Men may experience a decline in sexual responsiveness as they age. Men may experience unexpected weight gain and loss of muscle strength at this time. All of these options are correct. 52
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All of these options are correct.
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Primary aging _____. refers to gradual and inevitable changes in physical and mental processes is genetically controlled is the same as secondary aging all of these options 59
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refers to gradual and inevitable changes in physical and mental processes
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_____ was one of the first scientists to prove that a child's cognitive processes are fundamentally different from an adult's. Elkind Baumrind Beck Piaget 63
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Piaget
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If a child refers to a pig as a "doggie," that child is _____ the pig into an existing cognitive structure. accommodating operationalizing assimilating encompassing 68
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assimilating
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This is NOT associated with Piaget's preoperational stage. Ages two to seven Object permanence Animistic thinking Egocentric thinking 72
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Object permanence
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When five-month old Jessica learns that mommy continues to exist even when she is quietly resting in another room, Jessica has developed _____. sensory permanence perceptual constancy object permanence perceptual permanence 76
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object permanence
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The personal fable of adolescence is a result of _____ differentiation from others, while the imaginary audience of adolescence is a result of _____ differentiation from others. covert; overt too much; too little too little; too much overt; covert 82
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too much; too little
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Julia tells her mother than she must use all of the crayons in the box, or some of them may have hurt feelings. This is an example of: conservation. object permanence. animism. egocentricism. 88
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animism.
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Which of the following is NOT one of Baumrind's parenting styles? Authoritative Democratic Permissive Authoritarian 95
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Democratic
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What conclusions can be drawn from infant-attachment and adult relationship studies? Poor attachment in infancy causes poor adult relationships. Early attachment is likely to predict and influence adult relationship styles. Infant attachment determines adult relationship patterns. None of these options 100
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Early attachment is likely to predict and influence adult relationship styles.
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According to Baumrind, the _____ parenting style is most likely to produce self-reliant and high achieving children. authoritative authoritarian permissive autonomous 104
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authoritative
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Which of the following is NOT true? Each culture's ethnotheories are important determinants of behavior Human development, like most areas of psychology, cannot be studied outside its sociocultural context Culture may be the most important determinant of development Biology is far more important than any cultural influence 107
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Biology is far more important than any cultural influence
