H&S CH 11 – Flashcards
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Skinner's former students demonstrated which of the following with the advent of the IQ Zoo?
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Operant conditioning can be taken out of the lab and applied to the real world.
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Watson's behaviorism ____.
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was the first stage in the evolution of the behavioral school of thought
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The era of neobehaviorism consisted of the years ____.
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1930-1960
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The dominant area of study for the neobehaviorists was ____.
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Learning
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A point on which the neobehaviorists agreed AND to which they gave much more emphasis than did Watson was ______.
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operationism
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Operationism was ______.
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A major characteristic of neobehaviorism, intended to rid psychology of pseudo-problems, intended to make the language of science more objective and precise
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Operationism was formulated by ______.
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Percy Bridgman
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Operationism means that a concept ______.
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is synonymous with its methods of measurement
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The idea that a concept is the same as the corresponding set of procedures to measure is called ______.
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acceptable to operationalists
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For Bridgman, a construct was acceptable if and only if it ______.
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could be objectively measured
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Bridgman argues that a construct must be ______.
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measurable
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The concept of operationism can be directly traced to the theories of ______.
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the British empiricists
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A primary reason psychology so quickly embraced operationalism was that it ______.
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was first adopted by physics
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Tolman's graduate training was in ______, as is reflected in his later work.
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Structuralism, Gestalt Psychology
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Tolman's concept of cognitive maps, i.e., that the animal learns the "whole", might be traced to his work ______.
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with Koffka on Gestalt psychology during graduate school
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Edward C. Tolamn's system combining the objective study of behavior with the consideration of goal-orientation in behavior is called ______.
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purposive behaviorism
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For Tolman, the obvious and objective behavioral evidence of purpose was ______.
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learning
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Tolman described the conscious experience of the animal as _____.
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having no influence on the animal's overt behavior
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Which of the following did Tolman NOT consider to be behavior?
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motivation
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Tolman specified that the independent variables (stimuli) affect processes within the organism. These processes then control the occurrence of behavior (response). These internal processes are known as ______.
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intervening variables
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In Tolman's system, intervening variables were ______.
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the determinants of behavior
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The term intervening variable refers to ______.
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internal processes that "connect" the stimulus with a response
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Tolman's position on Thorndike's law of effect was to ______.
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reject it
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For Tolman, each experience with a task strengthens the relationship between cues in the environment and the organism's ______.
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expectations
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In Tolman's system, the repetition of an act leads to ______.
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sign Gestalts
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For Tolman, a cognitive map is ______.
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a pattern of sign Gestalts
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According to Tolman's learning theory, as a rat learns all of the sign-Gestalt relationships in a maze, the rat has acquired a ______.
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cognitive map
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What is the primary difference between locus of control and self-efficacy?
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the former emphasizes internal versus external attribution of success while the latter ignores it
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Whose system was a forerunner of contemporary cognitive psychology?
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Tolman's
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The pragmatic value of intervening variables is that they _______.
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are essential for dealing with hypothetical constructs
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Tolman described ______ as alternativeley "creepy" and "delightful"
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white laboratory rats
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From 1930 until the 1960s, the ______ was the primary research subject for the neobehaviorists and learning theorists.
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white rat
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It was assumed by Tolman and others that research on white rats would ______.
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provide insights into the basic processes underlying the behavior of humans and other animals
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According to Shultz and Shultz, "perhaps no other psychologist was so devoted to the problems of the scientific method" than was ______.
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Hull
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Hull had an immense knowledge of ______ and _______.
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formal logic and mathematics
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Hull's form of behaviorism was ______ than ______.
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more sophisticated and complex; Watson's
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Throughout his life, Hull ______.
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suffered poor health and eyesight
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According to Shultz and Shultz, Hull's "greatest asset was ______."
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an intense motivation to succeed
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The learning theorist _______ persevered in the face of numerous obstacles to success.
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Hull
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Hull's work contributed to which of the following?
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the hypothetico-deductive method, learning theory, drive reduction theory
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Throughout his professional career, Hull emphasized ______.
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objective methods and functional laws
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From the 1940's to the 1960's, who dominated American Psychology?
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Hullians
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Who authored an early study on the effects of tobacco on behavioral efficiency?
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Hull
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Hull's background in mathematics and engineering was demonstrated in ______.
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his development of statistical analysis methods, his invention of a machine to calculate correlations, the issue of postulates and axioms in his system, his descriptions and explanations of behavior in mathematical equations
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Which of the following men devoted 10 years in the experimental investigation of hypnotic suggestibility?
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Hull
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Hull's primary research focus was grounded in ______.
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Pavlov's laws of conditioning
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Hull's system sought to describe and explain ______.
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all behavior
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Of all the neobehaviorists, the one who most obviously espoused mechanism was ______.
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Hull
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Hull intended to express the laws of behavior in the language of ______.
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mathematics
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Hull's training in engineering was manifest in his belief that all behavior could be reduced to the language of ______.
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mathematics
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Hull's eperiments were directed by ______.
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deduced theorems and corollaries
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Contemporary path analysis techniques let us test theoretical propositions. Such an approach appears similar to whose research method?
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Hull's
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The technique that Hull added to the then-accepted battery of experimental methods was ______.
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the hypothetico-deductive method
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Hull proposed that to achieve a paradigm (in Kuhn's sense of the term) in psychology, one would have to implement which method?
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the hypothetico-deductive method
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Hull proposed the hypothetico-deductive method as a means to develop learning theory. Which of the following statements is the best explanation of Hull's method?
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From a set of theoretical postulates, deductions are made. These deductions become hypothesis that are tested experimentlly. The experimental results are then used to confirm the postulates or change them if necessary.
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"A state of tissue need that arouses or activates behavior" is a definition of ______.
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drive
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For hull, drive reduction is ______.
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the sole basis for reinforcement
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Hull's concept of motivation is grounded in the doctine of ______.
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biology
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In Hull's system, drive is a(n) ______.
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intervening variable, stimulus, response
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a primary drive?
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exercise
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In Hull's system, drive ______.
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energizes behavior
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In Hull's system, the reduction or satisfaction of a drive is the sole basis of ______.
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reinforcement
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Secondary drives are _____.
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learned drives
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Hull's law of primary reinforcement is a restatement of ______.
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Thorndike's law of effect
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Thorndike and Hull agreed that, in order for learning to occur, the organism must ______.
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experience reinforcement occuring after a response
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Secondary drives are _____.
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a result of pairing with a primary drive
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If seeing McDonald's golden arces decreases your hunger, then the arches are ______.
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secondary reinforcement
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In Hull's system, habit strength is ______.
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the strength of the S-R connection
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This person claimed that his own life was "predetermined, lawful, and orderly" just as his system would predict.
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Skinner
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Skinner pursued graduate work in psychology at Harvard ______.
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because ehe was awed by the work of Watson and Pavlov
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Skinner defined a reflex as a(n) ______.
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S-R correlation and nothing more
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The author of The Behavior of Organisms was ______, who did not receive acclaim for the text until fifty years later.
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Skinner
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The success of Skinner's book The Behavior of Organisms can be attributed to ______.
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the application of his principles in education and clinical psychology
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To the end of his life, Skinner questioned whether psychology could be a science if it ______.
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was a science of the mind
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Skinner was the complete opposite of Hull with regard to the _____.
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lack of theoretical framework
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Skinner's research was unique among that of other neobehaviorists in his ______.
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use of single-subject designs, relative lack of a theoretical framework, concern with describing rather than explaining behavior, rejection of variables inside the organism.
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For Skinner, what is the primary characteristic of living things?
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behavior
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Which of the following philosophers is discussed by Skinner in the "In their own words" section of the text?
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Descartes
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Who first distinguished between respondent and operant behavior?
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Skinner
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Who drew a distinction between operant and respondent behavior?
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Skinner
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Skinner claimed that he studied ______ while Pavlov studied ______.
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operant behavior, respondent behavior
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For Skinner, the dependent variable is the ______.
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rate of response
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The law of acquisition states that the key variable in learning is ______.
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reinforcement
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The central difference between Skinner's law of acquisition and Thorndike and Hull's position on learning is that ______.
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Skinner's law is strictly descriptive while Thorndike and Hull's positions are explanatory
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A schedule of reinforcement ______
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determines when reinforcement occurs
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Parents and employers must determine when and under what conditions children will be rewarded and employees will be paid. In both cases, they must select ______.
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schedules of reinforcement
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Skinner and his daughter in an "air crib" with the results that she _____.
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was not aversely affected
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The use of positive reinforcement to control the behavior of individuals and groups is called ______.
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behavior modification
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A criticism of Skinner's work is his ______.
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willingness to extrapolate from the data, especially with regard to human behavior
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Animals tend to substitute instinctive behaviors for behaviors that have been reinforced. This tendency is called _____.
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instinctual drift
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From the 1950's to the 1980's, American Psychology was shaped more by the work of ______ than by the work of any other psychologist.
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Skinner
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The "third stage" of behaviorism refers to ______.
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sociobehaviorism
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Bandura proposed that reactions to stimuli ______.
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are self-activated
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A type of reinforcement identified by Bandura is ______.
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vicarious
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Bandura argues that what changes a person's behavior is ______.
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what the organism thinks the schedule of reinforcement is
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For Bandura, the agent who controls the ______ controls behavior.
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models
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A concept of Bandura that reflects one's beliefs about one's own adequacy is ______.
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self-efficacy
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Whereas a concern of Skinner was the improvement of society through his technology of behavior, Bandura's is more specific, namely the ______.
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alleviation of abnormal behavior
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The main criticism of Bandura's system is ______.
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the notion that cognitive processes cause behavior
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The term social learning theory was coined by ______.
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Rotter
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People who believe reinforcement depends on their own behavior have ______.
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an internal locus of control
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Rotter has suggested that locus of control ______.
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is acquired in childhood
