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dysfunction

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any functional disability; PT determines the cause and extent of these

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Range of Motion (ROM)

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movement at a joint

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Bursitis

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inflammation of bursae; commonly occurs at the shoulder to the subacromial bursa

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Bursae

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fluid-filled sacs throughout the body that decrease friction between structures

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Tendinopathy

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disorders of the tendons

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Tendinitis

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inflammation of the tendon

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Tendinosis

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degeneration of the tendon by overuse

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Nerve entrapment

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pressure on a nerve

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Ligament

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supporting structure at joins that serve to stabilize the joint and prevent excess movement

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Sprain

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injury to a ligament (overstretching or tearing); commonly at ankle where lateral ligaments are overstretched

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Fracture

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break in a bone; commonly in the wrist or the hip

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Strain

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injury to a muscle

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Subjective examination

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interview of the patient about the extent and nature of an injury; a qualitative measurement based on the patient's perception of the problem

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Objective examination

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Measurements taken by physical therapist/assistant or by mechanical device

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Active Range of Motion (AROM)

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The ability of the patient to voluntarily move a limb through an arc of movement

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Passive Range of Motion (PROM)

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amount of movement at a joint obtained by therapist moving the segment without assistance from the patient

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Hypomobile joint

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joint has less motion than is considered functional

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Hypermobile joint

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joint subluxation, joint has excessive motion

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Goniometry

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methods to measure and document ROM

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Goniometer

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instrument used to measure and document ROM

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Strength

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the amount of force produced during a voluntary muscular contraction

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Resisted test

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allows therapist to determine general strength of a muscle group and assess whether any pain is produced with the muscle contraction

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Manual Muscle Testing (MMT)

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allows therapist to assign specific grade to a muscle, based on whether patient can hold the limb against gravity, how much manual resistance can be tolerated and whether joint has full ROM

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Flexibility

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ability to move a limb segment through a specific ROM

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Accessory motion

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ability of joint surfaces to glide, roll and spin on each other

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Special tests

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examine specific joints to indicate the presence or absence of a particular problem

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Thermal agents

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used to modify the temperature of surrounding tissue and result in a change of the amount of blood flow to the injured area (superficial heat, deep heat, cold)

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Hot pack

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pouch filled with silica gel and soaked in thermostatically controlled water

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Paraffin treatment

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mixture of melted paraffin wax and mineral oil at a specific temperature promotes relaxation and pain relief

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Fluidotherapy

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self-contained unit filled with sawdust-type particles heated to the desired temperature and circulated by air pressure around the involved body part

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Hydrotherapy

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use of the therapeutic effects of water by immersing body part or entire body into a tank of water

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Whirlpool

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tank of water used in hydrotherapy for immersing a body part or the entire body

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Ultrasound

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application of high-frequency sound waves that penetrate tissue and increase tissue temperature

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Short-wave diathermy

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use electromagnetic energy to produce deep therapeutic heating effects

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Cryotherapy

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therapeutic use of cold agents to decrease blood flow, metabolism, swelling and pain

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electrical stimulation

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application of electricity at specified locations to stimulate nerves, muscles, and other soft tissues to reduce pain and swelling, increase strength and ROM and facilitate wound healing

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Soft tissue mobilization

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a variety of hands-on techniques designed to improve movement and function

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Massage

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systematic use of various manual strokes to produce certain physiological, mechanical and psychological effects

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Swedish massage strokes

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promote relaxation by decreasing pain or swelling, relieving tension and improving the metabolism of surrounding tissue

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Transverse friction massage

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improves flexibility and function of soft tissues like muscles, ligaments, and tendons

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Myofascial release

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manual stretching of the layers of the body's fascia

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Fascia

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connective tissue that surrounds muscle and other soft tissue in the body

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Joint mobilization and manipulation

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technique used when a patient's dysfunction is result of joint stiffness or hypomobility; applies specific passive movement to a joint, either oscillatory (rapid, repeated movement) or sustained

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Range of motion exercise

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exercise for mobility of a joint

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Active assisted range of motion

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joint movement in which the patient may be assisted either manually or mechanically thought an arc of movement

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Active free range of motion

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joint movement in which the patient doesn't receive any support or resistance through an arc of movement (ex. pendulum swing)

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Active resisted exercises

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joint movement in which an external force resists the movement

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Resisted exercise

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form of active movement where some form of resistance is provided; increases muscular strength and endurance

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Muscular strength

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maximal amount of tension an individual can produce in one repitition (low repetitions with heavy resistance)

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Muscle endurance

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ability to produce and sustain tension over a prolonged period (high repetitions with low resistance)

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Isometric resisted exercise

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muscle contraction without visible joint movement (pushing against a wall)

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Isotonic concentric resisted exercise

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muscle contraction that produces or controls joint motion, resulting in muscle shortening (flexing elbow)

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Isotonic eccentric resisted exercise

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muscle contraction that produces or controls joint motion, resulting in muscle lengthening (extending elbow)

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Isokenetic resisted exercise

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concentric or eccentric muscle contraction that happens at a constant speed

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Flexibility exercise

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exercise using stress to change length and elasticity of soft tissue like muscle

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Proprioception

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one's awareness of position and movement; may be reduced after injury leading to loss of balance and coordination

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Proprioceptors

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receptors found in skin and joints, respond to stimuli like pressure, stretch and position

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Aerobics training

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exercise program that uses oxygen as the major energy source

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Functional exercise

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program that incorporates strength, flexibility, balance and coordination

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Closed kinetic chain exercise

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movement at one joint affects movement at other joints (ex. a two legged squat)

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Open kinetic chain exercise

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an exercise where the end limb segment is free (ex. biceps curl)

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Aquatic physical therapy

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therapeutic use of water for rehabilitation or prevention of an injury

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Bad Ragaz method

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therapist uses proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques while the patient is suspended by rings in the water

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Halliwick method

answer

uses preswim stroke instruction and musculoskeletal rehabilitation

HOSA Physical Therapy- Musculoskeletal – Flashcards

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