Honors Biology Midterm Review – Flashcards
132 test answers
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answers 132question
control experiment
answer
standered of comparison in an experiment; does not contain the variable being tested
Unlock the answer
question
experiment
answer
the testing of an idea or hypothesis
Unlock the answer
question
data
answer
information gathered from observations during an experiment
Unlock the answer
question
theory
answer
a hypothesis that is generally accepted due to LOTS of experimental support
Unlock the answer
question
metric system
answer
The system used to measure in a scientific laboratory
Unlock the answer
question
meter
answer
a metric unit to measure length or distance (it's about the same as a yard)
Unlock the answer
question
liter
answer
a metric unit of volume
Unlock the answer
question
cubic centimeter
answer
also known as 1 cc or 1 mL
Unlock the answer
question
mass
answer
the amount of matter in an object
Unlock the answer
question
weight
answer
another name for the force of gravity acting on an object
Unlock the answer
question
kilogram
answer
A unit of mass equal to 1000 grams.
Unlock the answer
question
Celsius scale
answer
a temperature scale that defines the freezing point of water as 0 degrees and the boiling point of water as 100 degrees
Unlock the answer
question
unicellular
answer
having or consisting of a single cell
Unlock the answer
question
multicellular
answer
consisting of many cells
Unlock the answer
question
sexual reproduction
answer
two cells from different parents unite to form the first cell of a new offspring
Unlock the answer
question
asexual reproduction
answer
reproduction that does not involve the union of sex cells and in which a single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.
Unlock the answer
question
anabolism
answer
synthesis of more complex substances from simpler ones
Unlock the answer
question
catabolism
answer
breakdown of more complex substances into simpler ones with release of energy
Unlock the answer
question
metabolism
answer
combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes
Unlock the answer
question
homeostasis
answer
the process by which organsims keep their internal conditions reltively stable
Unlock the answer
question
irritability
answer
the ability of living tissue to respond to stimulus
Unlock the answer
question
stimuli
answer
What all living things respond to
Unlock the answer
question
compound light microscope
answer
microscope that uses light and has two lenses, one in the eyepiece, one in the objective. Magnification goes to 400X on our scopes
Unlock the answer
question
limit of resolution
answer
point at which an object can be seen clearly in a microscope, but after this is passed, the object becomes blurry
Unlock the answer
question
transmission electron microscope
answer
An electron microscope used to study the internal structure of thin sections of cells
Unlock the answer
question
scanning electron microscope
answer
An electron microscope used to study the fine details of cell surfaces
Unlock the answer
question
physical property
answer
A characteristic of a substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance.
Unlock the answer
question
chemical property
answer
a property used to characterize materials in reactions that change their identity
Unlock the answer
question
phase
answer
state inwhich matter exists: solid liquid gas plasma
Unlock the answer
question
atom
answer
(physics and chemistry) the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element
Unlock the answer
question
nucleus
answer
the positively charged dense center of an atom
Unlock the answer
question
proton
answer
positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom
Unlock the answer
question
neutron
answer
neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom
Unlock the answer
question
electron
answer
negatively charged particle found in energy levels outside of the nucleus of an atom
Unlock the answer
question
energy level
answer
a region of an atom in which electrons of the same energy are likely to be found
Unlock the answer
question
atomic number
answer
equals the number of protons in the nucle of a atom
Unlock the answer
question
mass number
answer
the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atoms nucleus
Unlock the answer
question
element
answer
pure substance consisting entirely of one type of atom
Unlock the answer
question
isotope
answer
atom of the same element that have diffrent numbers of nentrons in their nuclei, but the same number of protons.
Unlock the answer
question
compound
answer
a type of matter that cotains two or more chemically combined elements
Unlock the answer
question
chemical bonding
answer
the joining of atoms to form new substances. when formed electrons are shared, gained, or lost.
Unlock the answer
question
ionic bond
answer
a bond that forms when electrons are transferred from one atom to another,which results in a positive ion and a negative ion.
Unlock the answer
question
ion
answer
An atom that has gained or lost electrons, thus acquiring a charge.
Unlock the answer
question
covalent bond
answer
A bond whose electrons are shared between atoms
Unlock the answer
question
molecule
answer
(physics and chemistry) the simplest structural unit of an element or compound
Unlock the answer
question
chemical reaction
answer
a change in which one or more reactants change into one or more products; characterized by the breaking of bonds in reactants and the formation of bonds in products
Unlock the answer
question
mixture
answer
two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed but not chemically combined
Unlock the answer
question
solution
answer
mixture of 2 or more substances that is homogeneous; consists of a solute and a solvent
Unlock the answer
question
solvent
answer
Substance that does the dissolving
Unlock the answer
question
solute
answer
What is being dissolved
Unlock the answer
question
acid
answer
releases hydrogen ions (H+); a chemical with a pH less than 7
Unlock the answer
question
base
answer
releases hydroxide atoms (OH-); a chemical with a pH more than 7
Unlock the answer
question
neutralization reaction
answer
the reaction of an acid and a base to form a neutral solution of water and salt
Unlock the answer
question
pH scale
answer
measures the concentration of Hydrogen ions in solution, ranges from 0-14
Unlock the answer
question
suspension
answer
a mixture in which particles can be seen and easily seperated by settling of filtration is a
Unlock the answer
question
organic compound
answer
a compound whose large molecules contain carbon
Unlock the answer
question
inorganic compound
answer
a compound whose large molecules do NOT contain carbon
Unlock the answer
question
polymerization
answer
the process of joining monomers together to make polymers
Unlock the answer
question
monomer
answer
A small molecule that connects together to form polymers.
Unlock the answer
question
polymer
answer
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.
Unlock the answer
question
macromolecule
answer
made in living systems from smaller building blocks covalently bonded; four classes: proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids
Unlock the answer
question
carbohydrate
answer
a class of molecules ranging from the small sugar molecules dissolved in soft drinks to large polysaccharides, such as the starch molecules
Unlock the answer
question
monosaccharide
answer
single sugar monomers
Unlock the answer
question
dehydration synthesis
answer
A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
Unlock the answer
question
disaccharide
answer
2 monosaccharides, linked using dehydration synthesis
Unlock the answer
question
polysaccharide
answer
A polymer of up to over 1000 monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions.
Unlock the answer
question
hydrolysis
answer
A chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water.
Unlock the answer
question
lipid
answer
macromolecules used for energy storage, cell membranes, and waterproofing
Unlock the answer
question
cholesterol
answer
a sterol produced only by animals
Unlock the answer
question
protein
answer
has monomers made of amino acids
Unlock the answer
question
amino acid
answer
An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Serve as the monomers of proteins.
Unlock the answer
question
peptide bond
answer
covalent bond formed between amino acids
Unlock the answer
question
catalyst
answer
a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
Unlock the answer
question
enzyme
answer
a type of protein that speeds up the rate of chemical reaction in your body
Unlock the answer
question
nucleic acid
answer
macromolecules that store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information
Unlock the answer
question
nucleotide
answer
The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous bas and a phosphate group.
Unlock the answer
question
RNA
answer
A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages taken from DNA
Unlock the answer
question
DNA
answer
the double stranded molecule that contains the genetic code
Unlock the answer
question
cell
answer
The microscopic, living building blocks that every living thing is made up of
Unlock the answer
question
cell theory
answer
all living thing composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, new cells produced from existing cells
Unlock the answer
question
cell membrane
answer
thin, flexible barrier around a cell, regulates what enters and leaves the cell
Unlock the answer
question
cell wall
answer
strong layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria
Unlock the answer
question
nucleus
answer
Contains DNA chromosomes, control center of the cell, contained in the nuclear envelope, nucleolus makes RNA.
Unlock the answer
question
eukaryote
answer
organism with a nucleus
Unlock the answer
question
prokaryote
answer
organism without a nucleus
Unlock the answer
question
nuclear envelope
answer
double membrane perforated with pores that control the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus
Unlock the answer
question
nucleolus
answer
structure inside the nucleus, where ribosomes are made
Unlock the answer
question
chromosome
answer
a threadlike body in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order
Unlock the answer
question
cytoplasm
answer
a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
Unlock the answer
question
organelle
answer
membrane bound structure inside a cell that performs a specific function
Unlock the answer
question
mitochondrion
answer
an organelle containing enzymes responsible for producing energy
Unlock the answer
question
chloroplast
answer
organelle in plant cells that converts the energy in sunlight into sugars
Unlock the answer
question
ribosome
answer
small particle of RNA and protein that produces protein following instructions from nucleus
Unlock the answer
question
endoplasmic reticulum
answer
a cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another
Unlock the answer
question
Golgi apparatus
answer
Organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and send proteins to their final destination
Unlock the answer
question
lysosome
answer
structure that breaks down food particles and worn out cell part
Unlock the answer
question
vacuole
answer
storage structures for food, water, minerals, waste
Unlock the answer
question
plastid
answer
stores food or contains pigment in plant cells (leukoplast is an example)
Unlock the answer
question
cytoskeleton
answer
A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical and trasport functions.
Unlock the answer
question
diffusion
answer
movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
Unlock the answer
question
selectively permeable
answer
when some substances can pass through a membrane easily when others cannot
Unlock the answer
question
osmosis
answer
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
Unlock the answer
question
facilitated diffusion
answer
when substances transport across cell membranes using protein carrier molecules
Unlock the answer
question
active transport
answer
to pump a molecule across a membrane agaist its gradient requires work; the cell must expend energy
Unlock the answer
question
cell specialization
answer
cells are uniquely suited to perform a particular function
Unlock the answer
question
tissue
answer
group of similar cells that perform a paritcular function
Unlock the answer
question
organ
answer
composed of two or more tissue types and performs a specific function for the body
Unlock the answer
question
organ system
answer
A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.
Unlock the answer
question
photosynthesis
answer
plants use the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates
Unlock the answer
question
glucose
answer
A sugar molecule made by producers during photosynthesis and "burned" by all organisms during respiration to make energy.
Unlock the answer
question
autotroph
answer
an organim that makes its own food.
Unlock the answer
question
heterotroph
answer
gets energy from eating other living things such as autotrophs
Unlock the answer
question
pigment
answer
in plants, a compound that absorbs light and imports color
Unlock the answer
question
chlorophyll
answer
green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis
Unlock the answer
question
ATP
answer
adenosine triphosphate - what the cell uses for energy
Unlock the answer
question
light reaction
answer
the first stage of photosynthesis during which energy from light is used for the production of ATP and NADPH
Unlock the answer
question
dark reaction
answer
the second stage of photosynthesis that starts with ATP, NADPH, and Carbon dioxide and produces glucose
Unlock the answer
question
photosystem
answer
Light-collecting units of the chloroplast
Unlock the answer
question
electron transport chain
answer
the series of molecules through which excited electrons are passed along a thylakoid membrane
Unlock the answer
question
Calvin cycle
answer
uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce glucose; also known as the dark reaction in photosynthesis
Unlock the answer
question
glycolysis
answer
1st step in realeasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.
Unlock the answer
question
respiration
answer
the process by which most living things break food down into energy when oxygen is present
Unlock the answer
question
aerobic
answer
Presence of oxygen
Unlock the answer
question
Krebs cycle
answer
second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken into carbon dixide in a series of energy extracting reactions; also called Citric Acid Cycle
Unlock the answer
question
fermentation
answer
process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen
Unlock the answer
question
anaerobic
answer
Absence of oxygen
Unlock the answer
question
lactic acid fermentation
answer
the type of fermentation that creates lactic acid and gives muscle cells a weak and sore sensation
Unlock the answer
question
alcoholic fermentation
answer
the process of breaking down sugars and creating alcohol, carbon dioxide, and a small amount of energy in yeasts and other microorganisms
Unlock the answer
