HOLT WORLD HISTORY THE HUMAN JOURNEY Chapter 16 Vocabulary – Flashcards
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Nicolaus Copernicus
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Polish scientist began to abandon Ptolemy's geocentric theory. Instead, he argued that the sun was the center of the universe.
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Heliocentric
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or "sun-centered," Copernicus developed.
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Johannes Kepler
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a German astronomer.
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Galileo Galilei
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an Italian scientist, each helped to confirm Copernicus's new understanding of the universe.
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Isaac Newton
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English scientist published a book building on the work of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo.
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Andreas Vesalius
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a Flemish scientist, heeded da Vinci's words and pioneered the study of anatomy.
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René Descartes
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was a leader of the Scientific Revolution.
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Francis Bacon
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Bacon believed that scientific theories could be developed only through observation.
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Robert Boyle
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An English-Irish scientist helped to pioneer the modern science of chemistry.
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Compass
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European navigators had learned that they could magnetize an iron needle it pointed in the direction they were going.
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Commercial Revolution
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Europeans changed basic economic practices. The changes were so great that many historians refer to the period between the late 1400s and the 1700s.
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Joint-stock company
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Owners raised money by selling shares, or stock, in the company.
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Mercantilism
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stated that a country's government should do all it could to increase the country's wealth, which was measured by the amount of gold and silver the country possessed.
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Favorable balance of trade
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a country received more gold and silver from other nations than it paid to them. This situation both strengthened the country and weakened its foreign rivals.
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Tariffs
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or import taxes, on these goods.
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Subsidies
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or grants of money, to help businesspeople start new industries and build ships.
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Prince Henry
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of the Portuguese royal family. Also known as "The Navigator", Prince Henry's first goal was to find gold for Portugal.
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Bartolomeu Dias
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sailed around the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa.
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Vasco da Gama
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sailed eastward across the Indian Ocean.
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Columbian Exchange
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Products, plants, animals, and even diseases traveled between the Western and Eastern Hemispheres.
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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between Spain and Portugal moved the line farther west.
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triangular trade
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First, merchants shipped cotton goods, weapons, and liquor to Africa in exchange for slaves or gold.
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Middle Passage
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was the shipment of slaves across the Atlantic to the Americas. There, slaves were sold for goods produced on the plantations.
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Ponce de León
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invaded Mexico. Cortés captured and destroyed the great Aztec city of Tenochtitlán.
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Moctezuma II
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also known as Montezuma.
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Francisco Pizarro
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led 180 men and 37 horses on an expedition.
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viceroys
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represented the monarchy in the colonies and reported to the Council of the Indies in Spain.
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Philip II
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received Spain and its possessions. His branch of the family became known as the Spanish Habsburgs.
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William of Orange
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led a revolt against Philip.
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Guerrilla warfare
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small bands of soldiers on quick raids to keep the Spanish army confused.
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