HLTH 231 Ch 12 (Exam 3) – Flashcards
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Chronic Disease
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illness that is prolonged -does not resolve spontaneously -rarely cured
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Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
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diseases of heart and blood vessels -High blood pressure, coronary heart disease (CHD), heart failure, stroke, and congenital defects -cause of over 33% of all deaths in the U.S. (1 in 3 adults suffers from CVD)
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Ideal Cardiovascular Health
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absence of clinical indicators of CVD & the presence of these behavioral and health factor metrics -Behaviors: not smoking, sufficient physical activity, healthy diet pattern, appropriate energy balance & normal body weight -Health factors: optimal total cholesterol without medication, optimal blood pressure without medication, optimal fasting blood glucose without medication
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Hypertension
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sustained elevated blood pressure
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Systolic Blood Pressure
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upper number in the fraction that measures blood pressure, indicating pressure on walls of the arteries when the heart contracts -Isolated Systolic Hypertension: When only systolic is high
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Diastolic Blood Pressure
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lower number in the fraction that measures blood pressure, indicating pressure on the walls of the arteries during the relaxation phase of heart activity
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Prehypertensive
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blood pressure = above normal but not yet in the hypertensive range
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Arteriosclerosis
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thickening & hardening of the arteries
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Atherosclerosis
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deposits of fatty substances (plaque) on the inner lining of the artery -most common form of coronary artery disease (CAD)
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Hyperlipidemia
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abnormally high blood levels of lipids
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Plaque
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buildup of deposits in the arteries
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Ischemia
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reduced oxygen supply to a body part or organ
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Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
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Atherosclerosis occurring in the upper or lower extremities, in the arms, feet, calves, or legs -20% of adults 65 and older have symptoms; many not receiving treatment -Leading cause of disability in adults 50 and older -Pain and aching upon walking/exercise & relieved by rest -Inflammation, elevated cholesterol and triglycerides in blood, high blood pressure, tobacco use
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Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
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narrowing of small blood vessels that supply blood to the heart
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Myocardial Infarction (MI; Heart Attack)
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blockage or normal blood supply to an area of the heart -Brought on by blood clot in a coronary artery or an atherosclerotic narrowing that blocks an artery -When blood does not flow readily, there is a decrease in oxygen flow
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Angina Pectoris
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chest pain occurring as a result of reduced oxygen flow to the heart -when there is not enough oxygen to supply the heart muscle, resulting in chest pain or pressure -TREATMENT: -Mild cases treated with rest -Drugs can dilate veins & provide pain relief -Calcium channel blockers can relieve cardiac spasms -Beta-blockers control potential overactivity of the heart muscle
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Arrhythmias
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irregularity in heartbeat -when the electrical impulses in your heart that coordinate heartbeat don't work properly -Tachycardia = abnormally fast heart beat -Bradycardia = abnormally slow heart beat
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Fibrillation
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sporadic, quivering pattern of heartbeat that results in extreme inefficiency in moving blood through cardiovascular system
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Congestive Heart Failure
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abnormal cardiovascular condition that reflects an impaired cardiac pumping & blood flow -pooling blood leads to congestion in body tissues -Fluid accumulation occurs in the feet, ankles, and legs; w/ shortness of breath & tiredness -most cases respond well to treatment
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Underlying causes of Congestive Heart Failure
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-heart injury from CVD risks -certain prescription drugs -chronic drug/alcohol abuse -damage from radiation or chemotherapy
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Stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident)
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when the brain is damaged by disrupted blood -SupplyIschemic: Caused by plaque formation that narrows blood flow or a clot that obstructs a blood vessel -Hemorrhagic: Weakening of a blood vessel that causes it to bulge or rupture -Mild: temporary dizziness or slight weakness/numbness -Serious: Impair speech, memory, motor control; affect parts of the brain that regulate vital functions & kill within minutes
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Aneurysm
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weakened blood vessel that may bulge under pressure and in severe cases, burst -most well known of the hemorrhagic strokes
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Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs)
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brief interruptions of the blood supply to the brain that causes temporary impairment -Symptoms: dizziness, weakness, temporary paralysis/numbness in face or other regions, temporary memory loss, blurred vision, slurred speech, and others
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Cardiometabolic Risks
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impact both the cardiovascular system & the body's biochemical metabolic processes -combined risks that indicate physical & biochemical changes that can lead to these major diseases
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Metabolic Syndrome (MetS)
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group of metabolic conditions occurring together that increases a person's risk of heart disease, stroke, & diabetes
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Risk Profile for MetS (3 or more of following risks):
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-Abdominal obesity -Elevated blood fat (triglycerides greater than 150 units) -Low levels of HDL ("good") cholesterol -Elevated blood pressure greater than 130/85 mm Hg -Elevated fasting glucose greater than 100 mg/dL
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Modifiable Risks: Tobacco
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-2-4 times more likely to develop CHD -2 times as likely to have a stroke -2 possible ways that tobacco can damage the heart: -Nicotine increases heart rate, heart output, blood pressure, and oxygen use by heart muscles -Chemicals in smoke damage and inflame the lining of the coronary arteries, allowing cholesterol and plaque to accumulate more easily -After quitting 1 year, CVD risk drops 50% -After quitting 5-15 years, risk of stroke & CHD is similar to nonsmokers
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Modifiable Risks (Diet)
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-75% of blood cholesterol is produced by your liver and other cells -Involves genetic predisposition -25% of blood cholesterol comes from the foods you eat -Cut back on saturated fats and cholesterol -Reduce low-density lipoproteins (LDL) -Increase high-density lipoproteins (HDL) -Reduce triglycerides
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Modifiable Risks (Weight)
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-Maintain healthy weight -Exercise regularly: can increase HDL, lower triglycerides, and reduce coronary risks -Control diabetes: 2-4 times higher rates of heart disease deaths for people with diabetes -Control blood pressure -Manage stress: 3 times risk for hypertension, CHD, and sudden cardiac death for individuals with chronic stress
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Nonmodifiable Risks
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-Race and ethnicity: African-Americans have 40% higher rate of hypertension, and higher risk of stroke -Heredity -Age: 82% of all heart attacks occur in people over 65 -Gender: Men have a greater risk of CVD until age 65; Women have poorer health outcomes and higher death rates when they have a heart attack
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Inflammation
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-smoking, high blood pressure, high LDLs,diabetes, arthritis, & exposure to toxic substances are linked to increased risk of inflammation -Greatest risks are from infectious disease pathogens -Make blood vessels more vulnerable to plaque build up
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C-reactive Protein
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protein whose blood levels rise in response to inflammation
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Cancer
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second leading cause of death in the United States -large group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth & spread of abnormal cells
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Five-Year Survival Rates
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percentage of people in a study or treatment group who are alive 5 years after they were diagnosed with or treated for cancer; improving dramatically (how early it is detected and what type it is) -Each year, 1.7 million new cases are diagnosed; 68 percent will be alive 5 years from now
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Remission
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temporary or permanent period when cancer is responding to treatment & under control -Leads to disappearance of the signs and symptoms of cancer
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Neoplasm
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new growth of tissue that serves no physiological function and results from uncontrolled, abnormal cellular development
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Tumor
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neoplasmic mass that grows more rapidly than surrounding tissue
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Biopsy
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Microscopic examination of tissue to determine whether a cancer is present
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Benign
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Harmless; refers to a noncancerous tumor -Consist of ordinary-looking cells enclosed in a fibrous shell or capsule that prevents them from spreading
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Malignant
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Very dangerous or harmful; refers to a cancerous tumor -Are not enclosed in a shell and can spread to other organs in a process called metastasis -Malignant cells disrupt RNA and DNA, producing mutant cells
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Metastasis
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cancer spreads from one area to different areas of the body
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Mutant Cells
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differ in form, quality, or function from normal cells
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Lifetime Risk
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Probability that an individual, over the course of a lifetime, will develop cancer
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Relative Risk
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Strength of the relationship between risk factors and a particular cancer
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Acquired (Environmental) Risks of Cancer
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- Tobacco use - Poor nutrition, physical inactivity, and obesity - Stress and psychosocial risks - Inflammation, certain infectious agents, certain medical treatments - Drug and alcohol consumption - Excessive sun exposure and exposure to carcinogens - Carcinogens: Cancer-causing agents
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Genetic & Physiological Risks
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-Genetic predisposition -Oncogenes: Suspected cancer-causing genes: typically stay dormant but can be activated -Hereditary disposition -Can be activated by: age, stress, carcinogens, viruses
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Reproductive & Hormonal Risks
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- Reproductive factors on breast and cervical cancers are well documented - Risk during reproductive years for women (longer period = higher risk)
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Alcohol & Cancer Risks
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- Even three drinks per week are associate with increased risk for oral, esophagus, and breast cancer in women - heavy drinking: incidence rises dramatically for oral, esophagus, stomach, colon, liver, and pancreatic cancers
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Inflammation & Cancer Risks
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- growing area in research - weakens body's defenses - 90% of cancers caused by cellular mutations and environmental factors that occur as a result of inflammation
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Occupational & Environmental Risks
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- Exposure to asbestos, nickel, chromate, benzene, arsenic, and vinyl chloride - Exposure to radioactive substances - Radiation: (television): Ionizing Radiation: Only form proven to cause cancer (microwaves from oven) - Nonionizing Radiation: No consistent link with cancer - Chemicals in foods
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Infectious Diseases and Cancer
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- 10% of all cancers caused by viruses, bacteria, and parasites - Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C can cause liver cancer - Human Papillomavirus (HPV) can cause cervical cancer
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Carcinomas
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Epithelial tissues are the most common cancer sites -Solid tumors
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Sarcomas
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Sarcomas occur in the mesodermal or middle layers of tissues such as bones, muscles, and general connective tissues - Solid tumors
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Lymphomas
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develop in the lymphatic system -solid tumors
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Leukemias
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cancers of the blood-forming parts of the body -nonsolid tumors
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Lung Cancer
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- Smoking, including secondhand smoke, is a primary risk factor: 15% of all victims have never smoked -Symptoms include a persistent cough, blood-streaked sputum, chest pain, and recurrent attacks of pneumonia or bronchitis -Treatment depends on stage and includes surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation: If the cancer is localized, surgery is the treatment of choice 1-Year Survival Rates: 41% 5-Year Survival Rates: 16%
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Breast Cancer
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Women have 1 in 8 chance of developing breast cancer in their lifetime - Another way to decrease risk: regular exercise - Symptoms include persistent breast changes - Treatments range from mastectomy to various combinations of radiation and chemotherapy : (lower estrogen levels to reduce risk); Selective estrogen-receptor modulators (SERMs) - Risk increases with age, includes family history of breast cancer, periods that began early and ended late in life, never having had children, and sudden weight gain - 5-Year Survival Rates: 98%: Lower if diagnosed in more advanced stages
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Colon and Rectal Cancer
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- 3rd most common cancer in men and women - Most common in people above age of 50 - Risk factors include older age, obesity, family history, and colitis - Usually not detected early: no early symptoms - Symptoms include bleeding, cramping, pain in lower abdomen, unusual fatigue - Warning signals include blood in the stool and rectal bleeding - Treatment consists of radiation or surgery - Regular exercise, a high fruit- and plant-based diet, healthy weight, and moderate alcohol intake appear to be protective
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Skin Cancer
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About 3.5 million people were diagnosed with skin cancer in 2013 - Most common form of cancer in the US today - Highly curable: Basal (outermost layer of skin) or squamous (skin's upper layers; resemble warts) carcinomas (90% treated w/ surgery)
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Malignant Melanoma
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more lethal form of skin cancer;virulent cancer of the melanocytes (pigment-producing cells) of the skin
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ABCD Rule about Melanoma
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- Asymmetry - Border irregularity - Color - Diameter
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Radiation
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the emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles, especially high-energy particles that cause ionization.
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Electrodessication
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the drying of tissue by a high-frequency electric current applied with a needle-shaped electrode
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Cryosurgery
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surgery using the local application of intense cold to destroy unwanted tissue.
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Prostate Cancer
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Most frequently diagnosed cancer in American males today, excluding skin cancer - Second leading cause of cancer deaths in men
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Symptoms of prostate cancer
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- weak/interrupted urine flow - difficulty starting or stopping urination - urge to urinate frequently - blood in urine or pain in low back, pelvis, or thighs
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Risk Factors of Prostate cancer
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age, race (African American men), and family history
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Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)
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antigen found in prostate cancer patients
