History of Epidemiology – Flashcards
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Hippocrates
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1st epidemiologist, father of medicine, wrote 3 books: Epidemic I, Epidemic III, and On Airs, Waters and Places dealt with epidemiology.
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Hippocrates' Observation
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Noticed different disease occurred in different areas, also malaria and yellow fever occurred more in swamps areas, looked at influence of temperature (seasons) of disease and water source on disease such as water from swamps, mountains, etc.
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Encouraged physicians to noticed human behavior such as what were patients eating, drinking and examine activities to see if patterns could be identified.
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Hippocrates
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Suggested travelling physicians become familiar with local diseases such as they only knew disease from the regions from which they came.
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Hippocrates
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He believed that with study, physicians could identify patterns in the time and location for diseases such as predict what diseases might be most likely in a location or a time of year.
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Hippocrates
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Was the first to study populations and how diseases spread.
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Hippocrates
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Was the first to look at time, seasons, place, environment, and attempts at disease control.
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Hippocrates
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Classified diseases as either hot or cold such as treatment depended on how they were classified
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Hippocrates Mistake
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Hippocrates Mistake
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Developed the field of blood-letting such as attempt to reduce fever b y removing blood, which has a "hot" atom.
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Hippocrates decided that most disease was due to disruptions in humors
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Such as the balance of natural material in the body-phlegm, yellow bile, lack bile, and blood
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Hippocrates decided imbalance were caused by?
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Climate, moisture, stars, meteorites, winds, vapors, and diet
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Though that diet alone could cause, and cure, many diseases.
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Hippocrates Mistake
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English physician, 1624-1689
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Thomas Sydenham
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Thomas Sydenham
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Graduate of Oxford Medical School
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Further emphasized the need for observation and empirical approaches to diseases.
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Thomas Sydenham
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Worked in classifying the types of fevers found in London in the 1660's?
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Thomas Sydenham
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Some of his ideas went against hippocrates.
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Thomas Sydenham
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Thomas Sydenham Suggested treating smallpox with bed rest and normal bed covers.
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Against Hippocrates Ideas
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His theory was to use heat and extensive bed coverings.
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Hippocrates Theory
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His treatment of smallpox was better than Hippocrates, although he still didn't know the cause of the disease.
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Thomas Sydenham
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In 1700s, he looked at illnesses in the population (army)?
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James Lind
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James Lind
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Identified the cause of scurvy by examining time, place weather, and diet on the diseases.
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He noticed a trend in scurvy incidence and long voyages at sea.
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James Lind
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He saw that scurvy usually began as early as 4-6 weeks after a voyage started.
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James Lind
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What did James Lind noticed that it was more common in April, May, and June?
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Scurvy
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Taking his observations, along with examining things like living arrangements, weather and food, James Lind tried to?
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Identify the cause
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What was James Lind initially focused on?
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Something in the air such as looked at dampness of the air, living arrangements, etc.
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What was James Lind comparing?
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The differences between the sick and the wealthy, and identified the differences in their diet.
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What did James Lind experiment found?
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Lemons and oranges eliminated symptoms of scurvy.
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What was the nickname for British people and what was British navy were required to carry on board?
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Limeys and required to carry limes or lime juice on board.
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He was examining smallpox in the 1700s.
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Benjamin Jesty
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He noticed milkmaids never got smallpox. They did get, however, get cox pox from the cows.
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Benjamin Jesty
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He predicted that getting cowpox somehow prevent someone from getting smallpox.
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Benjamin Jesty
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What did Benjamin Jesty exposed his wife and children?
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Cowpox to protect them from smallpox
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What similar experiments were reported in Turkey, the middle East, America, and Hungary?
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Smallpox
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Who saw the smallpox results and reported them widely?
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Edward Jenner
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What was the 1st vaccination program and what did they wanted to protect the people from?
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Cowpox was the first vaccination program and wanted to protect the people from smallpox.
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What was eradicated in 1970s?
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Smallpox
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When was the last known case from smallpox?
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In 1977
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The only cases known from smallpox was due to?
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Laboratory accidents
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Vaccination for smallpox have been stopped meaning that the population is?
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Susceptible
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He used epidemiological methods to study cholera
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John Snow (1813-1858)
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What is Cholera?
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A water borne disease, resulting in watery diarrhea, loss of fluids.
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Many of his techniques he developed are still used today.
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John Snow
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John Snow observed and recorded important factors about the disease.
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Outbreaks, timing, location, environment behavior of patients, etc.
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John Snow conducted two major epidemiological studies of cholera what were they?
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1st: A description investigation of outbreaks in Soho district of London. 2nd: An analytic investigation of a cholera epidemic where he compared death rates based on where people got their water.
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John Snow identified patterns infection based on what?
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Where people lived
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What did John Snow determined that cholera was transmitted through?
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Infected water
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What did John Snow developed to identify, where the cases were located?
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A spot/dot map technique
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What did John Snow saw in certain areas?
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Clustering of cases
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What did John Snow identified?
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All cases were getting their water from a single pump.
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In a later outbreak, what did John Snow identified?
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Two water companies that supplied infected water.
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Louie Pasteur and Robert Koch Both worked in?
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Microbiology
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What did Louie Pasteur work with?
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Louie Pasteur work with anthrax .
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How did Louie Pasteur identified the spread of anthrax?
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He eventually determined anthrax was caused by a bacteria and developed a vaccine.
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What did Robert koch work with?
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Robert koch also work with anthrax and worked to identify the individual bacteria that caused it.
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What did Robert koch pioneered?
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The identification of microbes as causing diseases, and how they spread
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What did Louie Pasteur and Robert koch agree on?
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The idea that diseases were result of spontaneous generation.
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Started a systematic recording of deaths.
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John Graunt
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John Graunt
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He identified how, when, and why people died. Also, recorded ages, gender, and where the deaths occurred.
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What did John Graunt work enable people to do?
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To identify major causes of death, as well as changed the idea of mortality rates.
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Pioneered the study of occupation health.
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Bernardino Ramazzini
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What did Bernardino Ramazzini studied?
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In workers in cesspools, who would routinely go blind after many years of work.
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What did Bernardino Ramazzini identified?
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The toxins in the cesspool (released as vapors) as one of the primary causes.
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Bernardino Ramazzini was the first to suggest what?
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Suggest that workplace improvement to prevent certain diseases to employees.
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She was a nurse who is best known for studying the health of the British Army.
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Florence Nightingale ()1820-1910
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What did Florence Nightingale kept?
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Records of patients in hospitals (which at that time wasn't done frequently)
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What did Florence Nightingale noticed?
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Noticed patterns in how patients recovered, and how some patients didn't.
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What did Florence Nightingale advocate and what did her book changed?
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She advocated cleanliness and her book changed hospital procedures and treatment of patients.
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Affected 350,000 people each year in the USA in the early 1990s.
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Typhoid Fever
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Dr. George Soper traced the disease and found what?
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Found a pattern where an Irish cook was hired in households in New York, and then the household would get Typhoid Fever.
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This person is an Irish cook, was identified as having infected 52 people over a 15 years span.
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Mary Malone
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What did Dr. George Soper worked showed?
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The importance of tracking carriers.
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By the late 1800's bacteria had been identified as?
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A major cause of disease which it was common to think they caused ALL diseases.
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Isolated various vitamins, and showed they were needed for healthy growth (in ants).
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Casimir Funk
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What were shown to cure many diseases, including rickets?
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Vitamin A and D
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What did Researchers began to understand?
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There are a wide range of types of diseases.
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A treatment for rickets.
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Cod Liver Oil
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In 1850, examined sanitation and public health in Massachusetts.
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Lemuel Shattuck
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Lemuel Shattuck
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He recommended forming state and local public health boards to collect and examine vital statistics and data.
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When was the 1st quarantine convention held to discuss diseases such as typhus, cholera, and yellow fever.
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The 1st was in Philadelphia in 1857.
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The study of diseases statistics is called?
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Morbidity
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Who advanced the study of disease statistics in the 1900's?
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Edgar Sydenstricker
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Edgar Sydenstricker suggested morbidity data be classified into one of 5 groups what are they?
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Report of communicable disease, Hospital and clinical records, Insurance, industrial, and school records, Illness surveys, and Records of incidence of illness in a population.
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In 1950s, what did researchers began to study?
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Links between cigarette smoking and lung cancer.
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In 1964, what linked to lung by the surgeon general
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Smoking
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Developed the use of case-controlled studies to identify what and looked at what?
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Identified cases with lung cancer and controls and looked at incidence of lung cancer with respect to smoking history.
